Performance of the Bretton Wood System

Performance of the Bretton timber SystemTHE proceeding OF THE BRETTON WOOD SYSTEMThis essay will assess the performance of the Bretton Wood dodging which was scratch line established in 1944 by 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations who gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton timberland, spic-and-span Hampshire, United States, and began an internationalistic control of human beings(prenominal) pecuniary relations amid nations. The essay will show that the placement has been relatively successful and contributed to struggleds the evolution of orbiculate free trade amongst nations and helped prevent the kind of economic disasters much(prenominal) as the Great Depression of the 1930s, which was felt to have been one of the captures of cosmos warfargon 11. However, the essay will also argue that criticism of the Bretton woodwind instrument as merely the vehicle for US hegemony over the international thrift is also justified.The Bretton timberland System began in 1944 with the United Nations Monetary and pecuniary Conference, and established the International Monetary investment firm (IMF) andthe International depository financial psychiatric hospital for reconstructive memory and Development (IBRD). In the new agreement on the pecuniary schema, for each one country member must ensure the qualify rate of its money is remained within a amend value,in terms of gold and for the IMF to help comport countries suffering temporary imbalances of payments (Markwell, 2006).The Bretton Woods agreement came near the end of a instauration state of war that had devastated the globe and many thought that the war itself was part a result of the economic policies of the pre-war years. In the 1930s the United States favorite(a) policies of isolationism that led them to demand repayment of Allied war debts from humankind War 1 and ca employ countries to independently set economic conditions for global trade that cause deflationary pro blems that aggravated the parentage of world trade, led to mass unemployment and negatively affected the majority of the economies of the developed world. The nearly serious outcome was the crepuscule in the international flow of capital and the retarding of development of international investment. The War left the main economies aware that peace could only be kept up(p) if countries cooperated and efficiently managed the value and exchange rates of currencies. As Cordell Hull (US monument of State) argue if there was a freer system of vocation where countries treated sanely and eased on trading regulations, they could all raise their living standards, therefore, economic development would be a peaceful competition, thus eliminating the economic dissatisfaction that breeds war (Hull, 1948, p.81)Keynesian economic theory was now the dominant foundation of most countries economic policy-making and this promoted a greater role for governance in trade with national politics bas ed on governments assuming a responsibility towards all their citizens. The War also left countries feeling a clear need for economic cooperation and peace to be maintained finished trade and that trade to be incorporated by an international pecuniary system based on free markets (Markwell, 2006). However, it was the intend of Harry dexter White from the US Treasury, rather than Keyness own plan that was the main model for the Bretton system, and this showed from the outset that the dominant nation in the system would be the USA, wind to accusations that the Bretton system is little more than an economic vehicle for American hegemony (Strange, 1996)The first goal of the new approach to global trade was post-war reconstruction of the devastated economies of europium and Asia. The Bretton Woods system, as the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order int stop to govern currency relations among sovereign states (Cohen, 2009, p.1). However, the reality was that Europe and large parts of Asia were in virtual economic pass on due to the gentlemans gentleman War and the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) needed to also be supported by an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, now known as the humans Bank (WB). The system was designed to regulate the par value exchange rates and alter sustain currencies to nations with trade deficits thus enabling them with international supporter to re-build their economies and posterior to help finance the poor or developing countries with their reconstruction projects (Stephey, 2008, p.1)If we fancy how nations did recover from the War and the impressive development in the 1950s and mid-sixties of countries desire Germany and Japan, then our assessment of this period of the Bretton Woods, aligned with the Marshal program for reconstruction, must agree that Bretton was a positive influence and relatively of or so success. The Great Depression in the 1930s was due to the lack o f a leading, dominant state to play a hegemonic role in the international saving. In Bretton Woods institutions the US clam was the dominant currency and became the wing of American hegemony to the international economy (Stephey, 2008, p.2). However, as Susan Strange noted, any four-lobed institution might become merely the instruments of the structural strategy and remote policy of the dominant state, and for many critics of the IMF and the manhood Bank, the problem is the lateralisation through these institutions of the majority of the globes nations by a very few puissant nations led by the US (Strange, 1996).The IMF is seen as a multilateral institution that lends money to governments to stabilize currencies and maintain order in international financial markets. However, its lending carries stringent loan conditions that many see as add to worsening conditions for the majority of citizens in the countries that are least able to deal with the economic might of developed countries (Strange, 1996).The IMF is supposed to focus on creating a stable climate for international trade by harmonising its members monetary policies, and maintaining exchange stability (Bretton Woods Project, 2005). It can provide temporary financial assistance to countries encountering difficulties with their balance of payments and it is based on consensual decision-making with the aim of helping countries whose economies are under-developed or in crisis (Bretton Woods Project, 2005). However, to assess the success of this one has to quantify the degree of fairness in IMF/World Bank strategies and many critics, like Strange (1996) and Mazzei (2007) are highly critical of the true purpose of the Bretton Woods System. For example, Mazzei (2007) finds that it is the poor countries that actually finance the World Bank and not the some other way around (p.2). Mazzei notes how that for 20 years poor countries have financed the World Bank, while it is rich countries that contribut e only 1/4 of organic fund and yet it is them who hold 3/4 of the votes (p.2).The first major point of concern for the global economy was in 1971 when the US used its power over the global economy through the Bretton Woods system to protect its own interests against those of the rest of the world. The United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the dollar to gold. The US could now unilaterally control the global economy by insisting that the United States dollar became the sole backing of currencies and a reserve currency for all the member states (Strange, 1996, p.20). This actually led to the virtual ease up of the Bretton Woods System in the mid-seventies and plunged the world into economic decline while it fought to adjust to the changes brought about by US policies (Strange, 1996 Cohen, 2009, Calleo and Rowland, 1973). The US ended the tying of the Dollar to the Gold Standard and left it and other global currencies to float free. Keynes had originally planned tha t the world adopt a global currency but it was adoption in 1944 of Dexter Whites own plan to make the dominant trading currency of the world the Dollar that had structured the next policies of the IMF/World Bank and allowed the US to have the power to hold the globes trade.By the 1970s the US was coming under strong criticism for its unilateral control of global trading. French President Charles De Gaulle claimed that the international monetary system allowed the United States to live beyond its means and forced the European surplus countries to finance Americas military empire overseas (Gavin, 2002, p.4). The Bretton Woods system was designed to crystalize monetary economic policies from power politics, and yet, by the 1970s it had become highly politicized and required constant political intervention to adjudge the system functioning smoothly (Gavin, 2002, p.5). The faults of the Bretton Woods System were listed by Bordo (1991, p.20) as the gold exchange standard, which placed the United States under threat of a convertibility crisis secondly the problems with the adjustable peg, because, in the face of growing capital mobility, the cost of discrete changes in parities were deemed so high, the system evolved into a reluctant fixed exchange rate system without any effective adjustment implement and finally that U.S. monetary policy was inappropriate for a key currency. Thus, the Bretton Woods System collapsed in the 1970s but its basic institution of the IMF and afterwards the World Bank remain as the guiding bodies of the international economy.The World Banks task is lending to promote the growth of world trade and to finance the post-war reconstruction of European economies. It is a multilateral institution that lends money to governments and government agencies for development projects. However, the Bank also imposes harsh conditions through Structural modification Programs, forcing countries to adopt reforms, deregulate capital markets, promote pri vatisation of state enterprises, and downsize public programs for amicable welfare. This results in policies such as privatisation of utility suppliers, bringing in fees and privatisation of gentility and health services. For its critics the World Bank and IMF have become the contributors to the persistence of world poverty rather than vanguard for preventing it and represent not the interests of the global ships company but rather the interests of Wall Street and the United States Treasury plane section (Strange 1996, Cohen, 2009, Markwell, 2006)In contrast, the supporters of the World Bank insist that the Bank is an institution in which the rich developed countries can serve to improve the global economy and the capacity of countries to trade by lending money to war-ravaged and impoverished countries for reconstruction and development projects (www.imf.org).Thus, in assessing the success of the Bretton Woods System and its subsequent trading organisations such as the IMF and t he World Bank, one can see a very different analysis depending on your political affiliation. Rather than separate power politics from global trading, the System has become directly connect to the fortunes and hegemony of the US. Its record in helping a devastated globe recover from the affects of World War 11 is very good and the global economy has big(a) over each decade. However, its critics still see it as chiefly prevail by the US and its allies and whilst it continues to support the growth of trade its go through as a vehicle mainly for the US retards how well its future role in the global economy will be judged by the growing economic powers of countries like China and India.ReferenceBloch, F.L. (1977) The Origins of International frugal Disorder, Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California chargeBordo Michael (1991)The Bretton Woods International Monetary System An historic Overview, Chicago press, USBretton Woods Project,( 2005) What are the Bretton Woods Instit utions, www.brettonwoodsproject.comCalleo, D.P. and Rowland, B.M. (1973) America and the World Political Economy, Bloomington, IN Indiana University PressCohen, Bernard (2009) Bretton Woods System, USA, RoutledgeEichengreen, B. (1996) Globalizing Capital A news report of the International Monetary System, Princeton, NJ Princeton UniversityGavin Francis (2002) The Gold Battles Within the shabby War Diplomatic History, US.Hull, Cordell (1948). The Memoirs of Cordell Hull vol. 1. New York Macmillan.Keynes, John Maynard (2007) 1936. The General possibleness of Employment, Interest and Money. Basingstoke, Hampshire Palgrave MacmillanMarkwell Donald, (2006) John Maynard Keynes and International Relations Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press,Mazzei, Umberto (2007) The tabernacle of Capital is Cracking, Ventana Global , SpainStephey M J (2008) A Brief History of the Bretton Woods System, Time Magazine, USAStrange, S. (1976) International Economic Relations of the wes tbound World 1959-1971, Vol. 2 International Monetary Relations, London and New York Oxford University PressStrange Susan (1996) The retreat of the State The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy UK, Cambridge PressInternet sourcesM.J. Stephey, Bretton Woods System Brief paper,Time CNN, Tuesday, Oct. 21, 2008. Availbale from http//www.time.com/time/ disdain/article/0,8599,1852254,00.htmlixzz0gvqYryL2 accessed 23 touch 2010The World BankWeb Document Available online from http//www.globalpolicy.org/social-and-economic-policy/the-three-sisters-and-other-institutions/the-world-bank.html accessed 23 March 2010What are the Bretton Woods Institutions? Published Tuesday 23rd August 2005, last change Thursday 25th January 2007online available from http//www.brettonwoodsproject.org/item.shtml?x=320747 accessed 23 March 2010

Ethics And Scandals In Financial Reporting Accounting Essay

Ethics And Scandals In pecuniary Reporting Accounting EssayIntegrity is of ut or so grandness for a successful c beer in business and finance in the long run. Some believe that the world of finance lacks ethical considerations. Whereas the accuracy is that such issues ar prevalent in al angiotensin-converting enzyme areas of business.The business purlieu in much of the world is reeling from the revelation of several m angiotensin-converting enzymetary scandals in the past few years. The optimism of the turn of the century has been replaced by scepticism and dis assert. It give be discussed as to how we landed ourselves in this mail, what is being done to adjust it, and what the future holds for us. Though Enron has been used as the poster-child for this purpose, break conquers in report and integrated governance in Enron as well as in separate companies allow be discussed.Some companies that come encountered pecuniary inform problems will be discussed along with th e agency of auditors (including Andersens role in Enron), the regulative environment, few of the causes of the problems, and the current and possible future placecomes.Ethics and AccountingEthics (maintaining true and fair statements) is a key part of pecuniary account. For shareholders to trust a political party with money, they must(prenominal) feel confident in the companys pecuniary account. Financial reporting presents all data relating to the entityscurrent, historical and projected health meaning investors and shareholders desire upon the available financial data for making in organize and better decisions. To help entities comply with business regulations and maintain financial reporting, shareholders can trust the existing organizations designed to watchdog diametric aspects of the method of accounting world. Primary among the organizations are the Securities and Exchange Committee (SEC), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and Public social club A ccounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). These three bodies together ensure financial reporting is fair, reliable, and available to all investors.The specific importance of morality in business and in financial reporting is to inspire and ensure republical and investor confidence in companies. Without a strong code of moral philosophy, and adherence to that code, individuals may not be ac ascribe their investments are secure. Accounting master keys must hand over a strong ethical and moral reasoning as their decisions regarding financial reporting can set about major consequences for individuals as well as corporations and entire nations. Ethics in the business environment are much(prenominal) than just issues that relate to accounting because ethical practices can and will go after boundaries from business practice in to what a company may communicate its accounting professionals to do in financial record-keeping and recording. The piece of musicy recent scandals involving accounting fraud generally began at the CEO and make their way down into the financial records.Before the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, various financial abuses such as WorldCom, Enron, and Adelphia communication theory plagued the American public and affected economic health of the entire nation adversely. Most of these frauds stemmed from unethical accounting practices instituted at the highest levels of the corporations, but carried out in the financial reporting practices of public accounting firms. In declination 2001, Enron, which used to be one of the worlds leading energy companies once, filed the largest bankruptcy in the history of the U.S., using the retirement accounts of thousands of American spirters, to enrich those at the highest levels of the corporation. apply thousands of off-the-records partnerships to hide nearly $1 billion in debt and to inflate profits, company had defrauded shareholders of billions. Due to these scandals, President Bush and Congress were forced to take arduous stance in the form of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in July of 2002.When ethics come out to be on the downfall in a society, the common man naturally turns to the government for guidance. Various crises in the history of the United States own led to creation of several regulatory bodies and laws. The three entities in the US, mentioned above, work nearly together to ensure financial accounting is honest. The SEC, the FASB, and the PCAOB are distributively an independent entity, but they often work in cooperation in certain areas such as oversight and reporting. While these three bodies work together, they rely on cooperation from member companies and from participation from babble-blowers in companies and public citizens. As the Enron relegate illustrated, there were systemic failures in the private-sector watchdog-groups. The SEC and the PCAOB must work closely together and include way to fast-track criminal cases.Enron and other financial reporting scandalsEnron was a great symbol of widespread problem in corporal America as its rise was as spectacular as its fall. Enron, formed in 1985 when Internorth purchased Houston Natural Gas was soon being run primarily by Houston Natural Gas administrators, with Ken Lay as CEO. In 1990, both Jeffrey Skilling and Andy Fastow were hired. In 1996, Skilling became the President and COO. A meteoric rise in both reputation and stock value came by, with Enron being named as one of Fortunes most admired companies in 2001 and its stock price peaking at $90.56 a share as on terrific 23, 2000. Much of the companys success was credited to the financial wizardry of Fastow. However, companys fall was just around the corner, with Skilling resigning in August of 2001. This was followed by a $1.2 billion write-off, and the beginning of an SEC investigation in October. By December, Enron had declared bankruptcy and the share price was $.26 per share.If Enron had been a unaccompanied case, concern would have dissipate d quickly and confidence in swell markets would not have plumped. But it was not so. Before Enron, there were companies such as Waste Management and Sunbeam not significant by themselves, but they should have acted as a warning of what was to come. After Enron the disclosures unbroken coming. WorldCom was caught capitalizing expenses. While Enron was trying to outsmart the accounting and capital market regulators, WorldCom made accounting errors that even novice accounting students would know were strange. A disturbing aspect of many of these scandals is the collusion among many executives.An important observation is that all of these scandals cant be attributed to one factor alone. Each one was different. hence it can be concluded that the solution is not easy to find. there is no single accounting practice that made these entities vulnerable to executive excesses.What these scandals had in common was a culture that was pervasive in corporations. A culture had come in that m ade it permissible to lie to shareholders and the markets. The ends disengage the means became the incorporate mantra. Also, the watchdogs, the auditors had turned a blind eye with their localise just on their consulting businesses. They were not as vigilant as they should have been in audits.The auditors role in ensuring fair playAuditors are suppositional to protect the public from the types of abuses that have been seen in the past. nonetheless though financial statements are responsibility of management, the shareholders hire auditors for the protection of their interests and to add credibility to financial information provided by the firms. To be credible, auditors need both expertise and impartiality. expertise assures if there is a financial reporting irregularity, the auditor has the capacity to find oneself it. Integrity assures that auditors will disclose any irregularity they may find. These cardinal qualities are essential. They are also multiplicative that is i f either is abstracted, other has no value. It has been found that both were missing in many cases. Expertise was missing as audits had come under hail cutting measures of firms. This happened often at the cost of character. Integrity was gone when auditors forgot that the first allegiance of a professional is to the public. Seldom did auditors betray management for the benefit of the public. Hence, even if they did discover reporting problems, rather than reporting them to the public they often helped management devise ship canal around the reporting problems.Auditors fell into this position (probably not because they were incompetent or unethical but) because of the cultures in major accounting firms. Andersen, Enrons auditor, is a classic example. in that location were good auditors who got caught up in an economic struggle leading to unreasonable focus on revenue generation. An audit firm having the highest reputation for competence and integrity compromised on its values as that was the only way its partners theme to be economically competitive.In the more recent Satyam case in India, the fraud started at the top level management and reached the financial records. The role of Pricewaterhouse, Satyams auditor, is also controversial in the said scandal.Causes of financial reporting problemsThe regulatory environment had not changed suddenly then why did the financial reporting problems surface at the time, is a question to be pondered upon. There are many reasons, not one that dominates.It was a confluence of circumstances that unresolved eyes to the problems. The bursting of the bubble economy was a major reason these financial abuses came to light. When everything was seemed bright, nobody questioned companies financial reports. In accounting the lack of relevance of historical cost accounting and even the basic traditional accounting poser were being discussed. The new economy was not to last forever. And when it did not last, investors began to admit tough questions. For many of the questions, there were no answers only denials and cover-ups.In the auditing profession, audits had nonplus loss leaders. The balance sheets and income statements had lost value, so auditing of the statements was not important. Thus, many audits became precipitous and more of a formality. No one was willing to pay for quality audits, so many audit firms believed there remained no sense in competing on the base of operations of quality. Cost drove audit decisions. Lower cost even with lower quality was the norm.The passivity of corporate boards was also a contributor. This was worsened by the growing number of complex financial transactions, most of which were beyond understanding of board members, who had gained their experience before such instruments came into being. Even a former accounting professor heading Enrons Audit Committee, a person of utmost integrity, had difficulty understanding the implications of the companys financial mano euvring.Finally, the biggest culprit is the corporate culture. Focus was laid on short-term gains forgetting about all long haul considerations. Also the executive scorecard became focused on salary. Many players had become greedy executives, investors, and attorney, among others but more than that was the need to compete on the basis of compensation.Implications for accounting educatorsThe perpetrators of most of financial reporting scandals are former students, graduates of accounting or MBA programs. So educators must ask themselves What are they doing wrong and what must they do to fix the problems?The first obvious reaction is to emphasize ethics in business and accounting curricula. This is important. Educators in a business ethics class can not dissuade someone who is inclined to move over a fraud from doing so. But it is also true that most perpetrators did not at the onset set out to commit a fraud. They obviously got ended up on a slippery zone.Also, the most bilk asp ect about most of the scandals is the number of people who, (though not personally involved) knew what was happening and still did nothing. Exceptions to the rule are some courageous whistle blowers, many of whom were products of university accounting programs. Thus, the focus of ethics classes should be to recognize and dismember the situations that can lead to compromise on ones ideals and values, and to promote the reporting of inappropriate behaviour. This can be best done in context because ethics issues come up in context, with you imagining yourself in the real situation. It is easy to go into an ethics class and give the answer that the instructor wants. It is an altogether different thing to put ones self in a case situation with conflicting pressures, and determine the appropriate action when ethics is only one of the many factors impacting your decision.ConclusionThe accounting profession is in the middle of a challenging time. A reputation gained over years and decades can be lost in a day. Accountants were thought of as persons of high integrity working at an uninteresting job. In the current scenario the job has gotten more interesting, but at the cost of their reputation for integrity. It is essential to win prickle the trust of the public and maintain their belief in the importance of accounting. The lane to restoring integrity of accountants today is a long one. The job will incomplete be quick nor easy, with the new series of financial reporting scandals that have come up.

Role of E6AP in Malignancies and Tumorigenesis

situation of E6AP in Malignancies and Tumori agentsisINTRODUCTIONLeukemia is a malignant hematological disorder characterized by proliferation of ab blueprint white carrells that infiltrate the bone marrow, peripheral blood and oppo send beta organs. Leukemia arising from myeloid cells is known as Myeloid Leukemia which may each(prenominal) be chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and/or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is a complex disease caused by mutations, deregulated constituent reflectivity and epigenetic modifications leading to increase proliferation and reduced contraryiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Several important molecular(a) markers urinate been discovered in AML to better characterize patients. C/EBP is an important regulator of Granulopoiesis. Several groups have reported mutations in the C/EBP gene in a subset of patients with AML presenting with normal karyotypes. A pregnant percentage of AML patients without chromosomal translocations have demonstr ated abnormalities in C/EBP protein or function, suggesting that loss of transcriptional make is a common mechanism of leukemogenesis. Even in the setting of an another(prenominal)(prenominal) proleukemogenic genetic abnormalities, such as the (8 21) translocation, C/EBP has been demonstrated to be aberrantly regulated, in this case by down ordination of mental synthesis. Functional alterations of C/EBP in AML include mutations of the C/EBP gene and deregulated expression of C/EBP by chromosomal translocations. Further, post-transcriptional or post-translational suppression of C/EBP has been demonstrated to be involved in hematopoietic malignancies. AML is also characterized as, a malignant disease of hematopoietic clay in which cells accumulate in an un distinctiated state due to mutations that close out their normal differentiation and allow undifferentiated cells to survive and proliferate. The molecular changes that choke in AML usually lead to either abnormal cell prolif eration (FLT3 and reticular activating system mutations) or block in differentiation (AML1/ETO, PML/RAR alpha, C/EBPalpha mutations) or suppression of apoptosis (bcl2 overexpression). Despite of block in differentiation, native AML cells often surface some morphological signs of differentiation that allow a classification into different subsets, and further differentiation may be induced by movie to various soluble mediators, e.g., all trans-retinoic paneling (ATRA) and several(prenominal) cytokines in t(1517).All-trans retinoic battery-acid (ATRA) is a derivative of vitamin A and it affects cellular development including haematopoiesis, in incident granulocytic differentiation. ATRA could induce a dose- symbiotic differentiation of HL-60 promyeloblasts to mature, functioning neutrophils. ATRA induces growth forbidding, differentiation, and apoptosis in cancer cells, including acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In APL, expression of promyelocytic leukemia protein retinoic aci d sensory receptor (PMLRAR) fusion protein, owing to the t (15 17) reciprocal translocation, leads to a block in the promyelocytic stage of differentiation.E3 Ubiquitin ligases are a large family of proteins engaged in the regulation of protein turnover and activity through a multistep proteolytic come down, called ubiquitination. Ubiquitination of a maneuver protein involves 2 distinct steps covalent attachment of denary ubiquitin molecules to the protein substrates and adulteration of the polyubiquitylated proteins by the 26S proteasome system. The first step is interfered by a cascade of 3 enzymes ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2), and ubiquitin ligase (E3) 1, 2. Ubiquitin is a 76- aminic acid polypeptide that is highly conserved among eukaryotic organisms. It is first activated in an ATP- babelike manner via prevailing to E1 through a thioester bond among a cysteine counterweight at the active site of E1 and the C-terminal glycine (G76 ) of ubiquitin. Activated ubiquitin in an E1-ubiquitin complex is then transferred to E2, which also participates in the make-up of a thioester bond between its active site cysteine residue and the G76 of ubiquitin. Finally, ubiquitin is covalently attached to the derriere protein through an is opeptide bond between the G76 of ubiquitin and the -amino group of an informal lysine residue of the target protein, in a reaction catalyzed by E3 ligase. later(prenominal) to the linkage of ubiquitin to the target protein, a polyubiquitin chain is formed in which the C-terminus of each ubiquitin moiety is linked to a specific lysine residue (most comm simply Lys48) of the former ubiquitin to form K48-linked polyubiquitylated conjugates which are rapidly recognized by the 19S regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome and degraded by the 20S core particle 1-3.There are just about 600 E3 ligases in the human genome that can be classify into 3 major(ip) types the N-end endure ubiquitin l igases HECT-type and the RING-type, on the basis of domain structure and substrate perception1.The N-end rule ubiquitin E3 ligases target protein substrates bearing specific destabilizing N-terminal residues, including Arg, Lys, His (type I) and Phe, Trp, Leu, Tyr, Ile (type II)1.The second type HECT (homology to E6AP C-Terminus) E3-ubiquitin protein ligases, found from barm to humans range in size from 80kDa to more than 500kDa. They are characterised by the HECT domain, a C-terminal region of approximately 350 amino acids in length with significant similarity to C-terminus of E6AP. Unlike RING E3s which act as scaffolds facilitating interaction between E2s and substrates, HECT E3 ligases form an intermediate thioester bond with the ubiquitin C-terminus through an evolutionarily conserved cysteine residue onward catalyzing substrate ubiquitination. Hence, HECT E3s play a direct catalytic role in the final attachment of ubiquitin moieties to target proteins. The N-terminus is hig hly variable and may be involved in substrate recognition. On the basis of distinct amino acid sequence motifs within the N-terminus, human HECT E3s can be classified into 3 sub-families HECT E3s with RLDs (RCC1-like domains, termed as HERC (HECT and RCC-1like domain E3s), HECT E3s with WW domains (called Nedd4/Nedd4- like E3s), and HECT E3s that neither contain RLDs nor WW domains (called SI(ngle)- HECT E3s). E6AP, the picture of HECT E3 family belongs to the third sub-family of HECT E3 ligases 3-5.The third and the largest type of E3 ligase is the RING (Really Interesting New Gene) family. RING-based E3 ligases are specified by over 600 human genes surpassing 518 protein kinase genes. These are characterised by a classic C3H2C3 or C3HC4 RING finger domain with a characteristic linear sequence Cys-X2-Cys-X9-39-Cys-X1-3-His-X2-3-Cys/His-X2-Cys-X4-48-Cys-X2-Cys, where X can be every amino acid. The RING domain provides a docking site for the E2 enzyme, which mediate transfer of ubiq uitin to the substrate, facilitating assembly of mono- or polyubiquitylated conjugates via different lysine residues of ubiquitin. The resulting modifications have a diverse range of biological functions, from proteasome-dependent proteolysis (Lys48- and Lys 11-linked polyubiquitin) to post-translational regulation of protein function, structure, assembly, and/or localization (Lys 63 and other linkages)1, 6.E3 ligases can also be classified into single subunit E3s (e.g. Mdm2, Cbl) and multi-subunit complexes (APC, SCF). E3 enzymes bind their target substrates through various protein-protein interaction domains (e.g. WD 40 repeats). However, for substrate recognition post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation or proteolytic cleavage are required7. The limited motif in the substrate is called degron. There are many different types of degrons (e.g. phosphodegron, PEST). Once modified, a degron in a substrate might be recognized by a specific E3 ligase, which forms the ba sis for its subsequent ubiquitination8.through and through ubiquitin-mediated covalent modification of diverse range of cellular proteins, E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate several cellular functions or biological processes such as cell one shot progression, Oncogenesis, signal transduction, transcription regulation, DNA repair, endocytois, transport and development via proteolytic or non-proteolytic mechanisms 2, 9.A direct molecular link between cell-cycle tally, Oncogenesis and E3 ubiquitin ligase activity was support by several clinical findings and wealth of experimental data on E6AP, SKP2 and FBW7, Nedd 4-1, Pirh2, CDC20, CDH1 and also on other E3 ligases 3, 10, 11.Understanding the physiological role of E6-AP, the innovation member of the HECT E3 family, is of interest because inactivation of UBE3A gene encoding E6AP has been associated with Angelman Syndrome, a transmittable neurological disorder. Moreover, in the case of cervical cancer, the E6/E6-AP complex not only targe ts p53 for ubiquitin-mediated adulteration, but also targets other proteins, which is necessary for HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis12. E6-AP forms a changeless complex with the adaptor protein E6. The dimeric complex binds to and targets p53 for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, thus eventually interfering with the damaging growth regulating activities of this tumor suppressor protein 13-15. In addition, the expression of E6-AP protein is decreased in human invasive breast and prostate cancers compared with their adjacent normal tissues. This down-regulation of E6-AP is accompanied by the elevation of ER in breast and AR in prostate carcinomas16. Furthermore, in vivo data from E6-AP-knockout animals indicated that the expression levels of ER and AR are increased in E6-AP-null mammary and prostate glands, respectively, when compared with that of normal control animals, suggesting that E6-AP modulates the protein levels of ER in breast and AR in prostate glands 17.E6AP, a 100-kDa cellular protein is a member of functionally related E3-ubiquitin-protein ligases defined by the domain homologous to the carboxy terminus hect domain.20 E3 ligases ubiquitinate and degrade several regulatory proteins including p53, p27, promyelocytic leukemia retinoic acid receptor and others, which serve as tumor suppressors and cell-cycle inhibitors.E6AP promotes C/EBP ubiquitination leading to its proteasome-mediated abjection and thus functional inactivation. E6AP negatively regulate Granulopoiesis by targeting C/EBP for degradation via ubiquitin proteasome pathway.Promyelocytic leukemia tumor suppressor (PML) has been recently place as a target of catalytically active form of E6AP. PML tumor suppressor is essential for the formation of PML nuclear bodies. Recent studies have implicated role of PML and PML nuclear bodies in the regulation of growth inhibition, senescence and apoptosis. PML is down regulated in multiple human cancers and experimental data has correlated redu ced PML activity and expression to E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of E6AP, regulating protein turnover and activity18.Recently, Annexin I involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation, regulation of cell differentiation, anti-inflammatory effects, cell death signalling, carcinogenesis has been identified as a novel target of E6AP in addition to pure substrates, including p53 tumor suppressor, PDZ domain-containing protein scribble, a transcriptional repressor of the gene encoding hTERT19. In addition, studies have also implicated the role of E6AP ubiquitin ligase activity in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Peroxiredoxin1 and presumptively open avenues to investigate the functional link between lack of E6AP expression and stability of Peroxiredoxin 1with regard to the pathogenesis of Angelman syndrome20.p53 is targeted for proteasomal degradation by mdm2 which is a p53 target gene containing E3 ubiquitin ligase activity21. While mdm2 targets p53 for degradation, mdm2 is self -u biquitinated and degraded. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf/cip, another p53 target gene, is degraded by proteasome and GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) mediated phosphorylation 22. Rb (Retinoblastoma) protein is a tumor suppressor and negatively regulates G1/S transition by interacting with E2F transcription factor. Rb protein is degraded in an ubiquitin dependent manner 23. In addition, free E2F is also degraded in ubiquitin dependent manner by the 26S proteasome. Thus, collectively HECT domain containing E3 ligases are important for homeostasis of protein levels and defects in their function may lead to various diseases including cancer.Thus, wealth of experimental data and clinical findings identifying many substrates targeted by E3 ubiquitin ligases, indicate that the deregulation of Ubiquitin proteasome system in cell cycle control is tightly linked to malignancies and tumorigenesis.Due to the supra relevance and role of E6AP in malignancies and tumorigenesisThe proje ct is based on the expression, subtlety and validation of GST tagged protein that is GST- E6AP.The current study includesCell culture HL-60 cells, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. HL-60 cells treated with 1uM ATRA for 0,24 and 48 hours.GST- E6AP Protein expression and purificationGST-E6AP rupture downObjectives 1) Expression of GST and GST-E6AP plasmids in BL21 strain of E.Coli2) Purification of GST and GST-E6AP proteins from BL21 strain of E.Coli3) organization of expression through western blotting4) To detect GST-E6AP protein interaction with whole cell lysates of HL-60 cells treated with 1M ATRA for 0, 24 and 48 hrs GOMTI NAGAR EXTENSION, LUCKNOW

Lipase Producing Rhodococcus Strains Analysis

Lipase Producing Rhodococcus Strains AnalysisCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONOverview of researchMalaysia has attained an outstanding state of affairs as worlds second largest palm crude crude petroleum producer. This odd flavour indirectly eases high consumption of palm rock embrocate in the country. As per statistic, industrial domestic consumption has achieved 2,000 million tonnes of palm crude while, general domestic consumption reaches 3,160 million tonnes for the year 2013 (Index Mundi, 2013). Considering variable pabulum intentness scales available in the country, this standard identity has even manifested Malaysias status as Asias Food Paradise.Number advantages much(prenominal) wide availability and consistent utilization of readying vegetable oil color passim the nation, has indirectly resulted to startling questions on the management of used training oil. Coined and be already that, lipoids holds the largest portion of organic components in municipal and industria l sewer wet particularly from sustenance industries (Prasad Manjanuth, 2011). Improper management of fatty liquidates on the upstart(prenominal) hand, has led to serious anthropogenic damages such as occlude pipes, congest preaching filters, odour problems, oil film formation and depleting group O hence, damaging aquatic livings (Fadile et al., 2011 Cipinyte et al., 2009). Therefore, removal as swell as other(a) redress on lipid contaminant has become a undischarged necessary due to its associated negative impacts.In regards to the necessity of improvement in biological treatment, enzymatic technology specifically lipase is gaining increasing attention. Concept of flannel Biotechnology introduces two implications on fatty hot contaminants videlicet purpose of biodegradation and biotransformation (Dors et al., 2013 Whiteley Lee, 2006). Biological treatment on lipid contaminated sites employ microbic lipase to detoxify, solubilize fatty acids and further commence co nversion into microbial biomass. Despite the constitution of treatment technology, it is crucial to ensure incorporation of aright microbes on right place with suitable environment conditions for degradation to occur (Ugukchokwu et al., 2008). Fascinatingly, aerobic biodegradation by active lipolytic strains was proven to be feasible with umteen other added advantages comp atomic number 18d to other strategies (Cipinyte et al., 2009).On top of it, lipases also exhibit excellent feasibility in early amends with biotransformation approach. Abundant waste fatty feedstock forward to disposal can be modified in structure by lipolytic reactions. These modifications could be applied to serve demands for numerous industrial products interchangeable dearie f be, cosmetics, detergents, soap, floatation reagent and handcrafts (Used readying oil, 2011 Shimizu, 1988 Alonso et al., 2000 Emoterabear, 2013). To date, current growing industrialization projected smashing necessary for alt ernative energy fuel-source due to depleting petroleum based fuels. As an enzymatic early remediation, researchers also have introduced lipase catalysed biodiesel product in oleochemical industry (Felizardo et al., 2006). Parallel to the Green Environment strategy, used formulation oil are proven to be possible alternate feedstock for biodiesel toil as well (Chetri Watts et al., 2008).Considering wide range of versatility of lipase as biocatalyst, this enzyme is catered for both biodegradation and biotransformation productively. However, researchers are still in search of new lipase-lipid interaction to diversify the efficiency and upgrade quality of the existing outcome. Therefore in present investigation, takings of lipase enzyme from local anaestheticly isolated actinomycete known as Rhodococcus sp. was investigated. Denoting minimal documentation on lipase production by this actinomycete, yet the extreme ability of the strain to degrade oil extensively draws great intuit ion on lipase production.1.2 Statement of problemAs an conjugation of many a(prenominal) races, Malaysia has established a robust position for various food cuisines especially variable deep fry dishes. Therefore, large amount of cooking oil is required in the food preparation which simultaneously yields interchangeable portion of utilized cooking oil. Consequently, excessive increments of waste cooking oil (WCO) are being disposed to waste streams continuously which lead to many detrimental effects to the environment. Therefore, its absolutely necessary to apply bioremediation sentiment to comprehensively treat the contaminated waste sites while providing early remediation to manage the increasing abundance of fatty waste materials. In rank to emphasize high occurrence of waste cooking oil production especially in Malaysia, a survey was conducted in Teluk Bahang, Pulau Pinang, a local area democraticly known for food business. The outcome reveals that the community generates 4 0% of more than 15kg of waste cooking oil monthly as describe in pulp 1.1.Figure 1.1 Production of WCO in Teluk Bahang, Pulau Pinang, a popular food industry area in Malaysia (Hanishah et al., 2013).1.3 Justification of problemAs aforementioned, cooking oil has become a basic ingredient for food preparation in the entire world. Deep frying is recognized as traditional practice of food preparation, where the oil are left loose repeatedly to excessive heat of 160 C- 190 C in presence of moisture and air (Kamisah et al., 2012). Additionally, people tend to be fonder of fried food due to the attractive colour, unbendable preparation, delicious taste and catchy presentation in dining (Cvengros Cvengrosova, 2004).As a result, waste cooking oil are extensively being generated due to food and turnout product preparation by frying such as fast food networks, restaurants, dining rooms, catering establishments throughout the world (Cvengros Cvengrosova, 2004 Kulkarni Dalai, 2006). Acco rding to a report by Capital Region District, 2012, almost 1million kilograms of fat contaminants are being disposed through our home drainage every year. limited review in Asia countries like Malaysia, China, Indonesia, India and Thailand on the other hand, estimates to produce waste cooking oil for 40 000 tonnes per year (Hanisah et al., 2013). retardation to be detail, excessive rut of cooking oil causes chemical modification by forming toxic compounds like peroxides, aldehyde and polymer via few reactions including hydrolysis, oxidation and thermolytic (Kulkarni Dalai, 2006 Hanisha et al. 2013). In agreement to this, study by Kamisah et al. (2012) ready out that repeated heating of cooking oil augmented lipid peroxidation formation in the oil which causes severe health problems to benevolent. Malaysians night markets for an instance, offer variety deep fried snacks such as keropok lekor, meat balls, sausages and potato chips. Different type of fried food thence causes diff erent fatty acid composition and anti- oxidant properties to the frying oil (Awney, 2011, Purushothama et al., 2003 Adam et al., 2007). In case of keropok lekor, a popular snack in Malaysia, the oil is prone to autoxidation due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), therefore, the oil has been chemically modified (Kamsiah et al., 2012).Nevertheless, if this dead oil been disposed to water streams or land, it indirectly causes both water pollution and land pollution. afterward being disposed to aquatic environment, this contaminant undergoes four natural actions namely weathering, evaporation, emulsification or biodegradation. In exceptional to biodegradation, the rest of natural actions leads to the formation of oil slick or oil film on surface of water. Meanwhile droplets of oil will be vertically distributed in water, increasing shape and COD time value besides, transforming into toxic compound due to degraded oil by-product (Hanisah et al., 2013 Understanding oi l spills and oil spill response, 1999 Marjadi Dharaiya, 2010). Riskily, these cause an interaction between the oil and sediments to occur hence, affecting living of aquatic lives. Indirectly, these carcinogenic compounds can be absorbed into by marine creatures and affect human food chain (Kulkarni Dalai, 2006 Hanisah et al., 2013 Understanding oil spills and oil spill response, 1999). Figure 1.2 precisely describes natural actions encountered due to disposal of waste cooking oil into water and land.1.4 Scope of researchIn regards to detrimental impacts imposed by waste cooking oil, its absolutely prudent to commence treatment on lipid contaminated sites and further discover feasible ship canal to manage the fatty waste materials. Therefore, presence research recommends remediation through biodegradation and biotransformation for an effectual management of the waste cooking oil. Lipases, being a omnipresent biocatalyst significantly extend frontiers of applications through hydrol ysis as well as esterification reactions.Favourably, waste cooking oil that has been disposed to the water streams can be potentially treated with biocatalytic action of lipase producing microorganisms. Waste cooking oil prior to disposal also can be potentially transformed into many value-added products through structure modification by the same catalyst as well. Concerning numerous microbial lipases and wide range of reactions catered by lipase enzyme, its indwelling to obtain this biocatalyst from a novel and reliable source. This will highlight new lipid-lipase interaction with better characteristics for improvement and further add intrinsic value for industrial interests adequately (Jesus et al., 1999 Glogauer et al., 2011).Considering the alarming production of waste cooking oil by local food industries and household disposal, a feasible remediation requires a promising local yet new source for lipase enzyme. Appropriately, local Rhodococcus strains, an actinomycete isolated throughout Peninsular Malaysia was not been evaluated for lipase production. Being an excellent hydrocarbon degrader, these ensuant of strains is expected to project excellent level of lipase secretion and further be applied into both biodegradation and biotransformation.Upon, identification of lipase production from this actinomycete, the best lipase producing strains was optimized for maximum enzyme activity. Since, this bacteria is poorly studied, the crude enzyme was subjected for electrophoresis to estimate the size protein band of the extracted enzyme. by and by on, practicability of the optimized strains was applied as both whole cell biocatalyst (naturally immobilised cell) and immobilised intracellular crude. A preliminary analysis of the enzyme to biodegrade WCO and also biotransform WCO into biodiesel was evaluated also for future studies. Precisely, lipolytic actions illustrated in Figure 1.3 are the reactions evaluated in biodegradation and biotransformation of WCO by Rhodococcal lipase in this study.Figure 1.3 (a) Hydrolytic reactions displayed by lipase enzyme to solubilize fatty acids and further convert into biomass during biodegradation of WCO (Jaeger Reetz, 1998).(b) Trans-esterification reaction by lipase enzyme involving transfer of alcohol moiety to form acid alkyl ester during biotransformation in biodiesel production (Murugesan et al., 2009).1.5 Objectives of this research The primary goal of this study is to depict and evaluate lipase producing Rhodococcus strains, as ideal source for bioremediation purposes. Following are the stages of objectives obeyed in this investigationTo screen and identify for the most potential lipase producing Rhodococcus isolatesTo study the optimum conditions required for maximum lipase production by identified lipolytic Rhodococcus sp.To evaluate ability of Rhodococcus lipase to degrade waste cooking oil.To investigate the ability of Rhodococcus lipase to catalyze conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel.Figure 1.4 Flow chart representing designed work flow of this research.

1 Corinthians 13 What Is Love Essay

The Excellence of Love (1 Corinthians 13)1 If I speak with the tongues of manpower and of angels, save do non have bask, I have fetch a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal. 2If I have the gift of prophecy, and k at present any mysteries and all knowledge and if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains, but do non have love, I am nothing. 3 And if I flop all my possessions to feed the poor, and if I surrender my body to be burned, but do not have love, it profits me nothing. 4 Love is patient, love is kind and is not jealous love does not brag and is not arrogant, 5 does not act unbecomingly it does not seek its own, is not provoked, does not take into account a wrong suffered, 6 does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth 7 bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.8 Love never fails but if on that point atomic number 18 gifts of prophecy, they will be done away if there are tongues, they will cease if there is knowledge , it will be done away. 9 For we know in part and we prophesy in part 10 but when the perfect comes, the partial will be done away. 11 When I was a barbarian, I used to speak like a child, think like a child, reason like a child when I became a man, I did away with childish things. 12 For now we see in a mirror dimly, but thus confront to face now I know in part, but then I will know fully just as I also have been fully known. 13 But now faith, hope, love, defend these three but the greatest of these is love.

An Overview of the Rare Disease Known as Kabuki Syndrome Essay

An Overview of the Rare disorder Known as Kabuki Syndrome As I look to graduate, I become increasingly assured that I surrender my entire life to look forward to. yet though I depart have struggles throughout my life, I stable have my well being to fall back on. When all else fails, I am and hopefully always will be self-assured that I am here, healthy and able to bring myself through the worst of circumstances.This identification and acquaintance has presented itself in the most substantialistic way just at bottom the ult three years, while I continually helped disabled children claim heterogeneous life skills. In these three years, my attention was unforgivably snagged by iodine child, Damion, who seemed to have an unfathomable web of trials and difficulties in his fragile humble life. On an undying attempt to learn more about this child, I started functional with him one-on-one and with his therapists and teachers. I soon came to realize that Damion had moderate to strict accomplishment disabilities, speech impediments, fine (small muscles) and gross (large muscles) motor problems and sensory difficulties. His front doctors considered Kabuki Syndrome, an passing rare disease that is terribly difficult to diagnose, as a realizable diagnosis.Even though Damion doesnt posses most of the characteristics accompanying Kabuki Syndrome, he may cool off have it. What would it take to diagnose him with the rare disease? Could Damion pull down be considered a Kabuki patient with only minor implications? Through this paper, answers to these pending questions will be portrayed, and the reader will gain a real judgement of what is currently known about Kabuki Syndrome.Two doctors from Japan, Dr. Niikawa and Dr. Kuroki first discover Kabuki Syndrome in 1980 (Kabuk... .... MedicineNet. Retrieved March 25, 2002 from the World Wide entanglement http//medicinenet.com/script/ main/AlphaIdx.asp?li=MNI&p=A_DICTMhanni, A., & Chudley, A. (1999) . Genetic landmarks through philately &endash Kabuki theater and Kabuki syndrome. In A. Chudley (Ed.) , clinical genetic science (pp. 116-117) . Ireland Munksgaard. Mhanni, A., Cross, H., & Chudley, A. (1999) . Kabuki syndrome description of dental findings in 8 patients. clinical Genetics (pp. 154-157) . Ireland Munksgaard.Olney, A., Schaefer, G., & Kolodziej, P. (1998, September) . Kabuki syndrome. Ear, Nose and Throat Journal. Retrieved March 15, 2002 from the World Wide Web http/www.entjournal.com/ hypertext mark-up language/september_98_syndrome.html An overview of kabuki syndrome. Geocities. Retrieved March 15, 2002 from the World Wide Web http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/Fields/2978/kabuki.html An Overview of the Rare Disease Known as Kabuki Syndrome EssayAn Overview of the Rare Disease Known as Kabuki Syndrome As I look to graduate, I become increasingly aware that I have my entire life to look forward to. Even though I will have struggles throughout my life, I still have my well being to fall back on. When all else fails, I am and hopefully always will be self-assured that I am here, healthy and able to bring myself through the worst of circumstances.This realization and knowledge has presented itself in the most realistic way just within the past three years, while I continually helped disabled children learn various life skills. In these three years, my attention was unforgivably snagged by one child, Damion, who seemed to have an unfathomable web of trials and difficulties in his fragile little life. On an undying attempt to learn more about this child, I started working with him one-on-one and with his therapists and teachers. I soon came to realize that Damion had moderate to severe learning disabilities, speech impediments, fine (small muscles) and gross (large muscles) motor problems and sensory difficulties. His previous doctors considered Kabuki Syndrome, an extremely rare disease that is terribly difficult to diagnose, as a possible d iagnosis.Even though Damion doesnt posses most of the characteristics accompanying Kabuki Syndrome, he may still have it. What would it take to diagnose him with the rare disease? Could Damion even be considered a Kabuki patient with only minor implications? Through this paper, answers to these pending questions will be portrayed, and the reader will gain a real understanding of what is currently known about Kabuki Syndrome.Two doctors from Japan, Dr. Niikawa and Dr. Kuroki first discovered Kabuki Syndrome in 1980 (Kabuk... .... MedicineNet. Retrieved March 25, 2002 from the World Wide Web http//medicinenet.com/script/main/AlphaIdx.asp?li=MNI&p=A_DICTMhanni, A., & Chudley, A. (1999) . Genetic landmarks through philately &endash Kabuki theater and Kabuki syndrome. In A. Chudley (Ed.) , Clinical Genetics (pp. 116-117) . Ireland Munksgaard. Mhanni, A., Cross, H., & Chudley, A. (1999) . Kabuki syndrome description of dental findings in 8 patients. Clinical Genetics (pp. 154-157) . Irel and Munksgaard.Olney, A., Schaefer, G., & Kolodziej, P. (1998, September) . Kabuki syndrome. Ear, Nose and Throat Journal. Retrieved March 15, 2002 from the World Wide Web http/www.entjournal.com/html/september_98_syndrome.html An overview of kabuki syndrome. Geocities. Retrieved March 15, 2002 from the World Wide Web http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/Fields/2978/kabuki.html

Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): The Character of Meursault

The Character of Meursault in Camus The rum (The Outsider) Raymond typifies the beast-character in Camus The Stranger (The Outsider). He is like Stanley from A Streetcar Named Desire (T. Williams), emotional and manly. forcible solutions come naturally to him, as we see when he mistreats his ex-girlfriend. Ideally, society is precisely the opposite law and order attempt to solve things fairly and justly. I propose that Meursault is somewhere between these two extremes and that this is the reason why he is a societal outcast. This metaphor explains his major actions in the book as he struggles to keep his identity, his personality comes in conflict with the norms of society and he is shut down. Just as an animal sticks to instincts, Meursault has a hard eon feeling emotions such as remorse or compassion. Even the start-off page shows us this. Just as an animal leaves its family when it is old enough, neer to return, when Meursault hears of his mothers death he is unattached, even uncaring. He had similar feelings when he direct her to live in the old peoples home. Meursault has quite a passion for women he starts dating Marie the very day after he finds out of the death. scarcely like most animals, marriage is basically nonexistent for him though he ac comeledges it, it holds little meaning. When he is isolated in jail, he dreams of women not Marie, whom he has been seeing for some time, but women in general. Like an animal he feels the urge to mate without any desire for monogamy. An animal has to focus on the present in order to survive, and as far as we know doesnt spend much time cogitating about its past. Meursault always lives in the present, so his lack of remorse. This beast-like quality is one that get... ...s Meursault is not able, because of his very nature, to believe in a hereafter. His human side gives in to his animal side at the end when the chaplain tries forcibly to make Meursault see the light. His animal feels the threat of univ erse tamed, or converted to the ways of human society, and so he explodes to just himself. Only twice in the novel does Meursault experience extreme pressure, once from nature and once from society, and at these points he gives himself over to his beast. This proves devastating from a certain point of view the first time he compromises his chances of living, and the stand by time he compromises his chance of an after livelihood. This self-preservation instinct is the only thing that keeps him in touch with his bestial side, and in spite of these consequences he triumphs over life in that he remains unique, he does not conform.

Pesticides Essay -- essays research papers

PesticidesProblems with formatting on that point argon many upshotant issues in the world regarding the surroundings and its affects on theaverage person. Though, the one that hits closest to home, worldwide, is the affirm that individualshave in the aliment that they extinguish. Yet pesticides ar still run aground daily in foods both told some theworld. Pesticides ar toxins that argon use by convey growers universally to control pests that candestroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humanity in the forms of fruits and ve feelablesthat have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being doneto safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average personconsume harmful measuring rods of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, wherefore is this problemcontinuing to get a blind eye from the spate who are supposed to nourish society? Thesequestions when asked only lead to to a greater extent q uestions. Until things are done to diversity the systemsof pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on ourenvironment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In someforeign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the linkedStates. In Mexico and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the join Statesand Europe have vetoned, fetch up up being used on a majority of their ready crops. The largestproblem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produceall of the time. What good does it do to ban harmful agricultural chemicals to be used ondomestically freehanded crops if crops in other countries are grown with these same harmfulchemicals, and are then allowed to be merchandise? Mexico and South America are the takesuppliers of produce for the earths population because their climate is very conducive to yeararo und crops. Unfortunately those countries are as well k instantaneouslyn for their large amount of insects ofall varieties. These insects are steadily go more and more immune to toxins that aresprayed on crops. More than tailfin blow insects, one hundred and litre plant diseases and twohundred and seventy weeds are now resistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well,are steadily forced to accept more and stronger toxins. As the amount an... ...TM Loops, Marilyn. Pesticides in the Diets ofInfants and Children What Are the Issues? National net income for ChildCare Online. Internet. 11Oct 1998. operational http//www.exnet.iastate.edu/pages/nncc/Nutrition/pestic.infant.html OurVanishing Wildlife. In Harmony. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. on hand(predicate)http//www.inharmony.com./pestwild.htm Pesticide and sustenance Safety. California environmentalProtection Agency Department of Pesticide ruler July 19971-2. Online. Internet. 11 Oct.1998. Available http//www. cdpr.ca.gov. Pesticides and Food Safety. IFIC Jan. 1995 1-13.Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Availablehttp//www.cdfa.ca.gov/agfacts/pesticides/pesticides.html Pimental, David. Environmental and sparing Costs of Pesticides. Bioscience Nov. 1998. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Availablehttp//207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg? Wheat, Andrew. Toxic Bananas. Multinational admonisherSept. 1996 9-15 Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998. Availablehttp//www.essential.org/ monitoring device/hyper/mm0996.04.html Zuckerman, Seth. Across the GreatDivide. Sierra Sept. 1992 20-21. Online. Internet. 7 Apr. 1998. Availablehttp//207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg? Pesticides Essay -- essays look into papersPesticidesProblems with formattingThere are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and its affects on theaverage person. Though, the one that hits closest to home, worldwide, is the trust that individualshave in the food that they consume. Yet pesticides are still found dai ly in foods all around theworld. Pesticides are toxins that are used by produce growers universally to control pests that candestroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetablesthat have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being doneto safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average personconsume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problemcontinuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? Thesequestions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systemsof pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on ourenvironment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In someforeign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the UnitedStates. In Mexico and South Americ a, for example, many of the pesticides that the United Statesand Europe have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. The largestproblem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produceall of the time. What good does it do to ban harmful agricultural chemicals to be used ondomestically grown crops if crops in other countries are grown with these same harmfulchemicals, and are then allowed to be imported? Mexico and South America are the leadingsuppliers of produce for the earths population because their climate is very conducive to yeararound crops. Unfortunately those countries are also known for their large amount of insects ofall varieties. These insects are steadily becoming more and more immune to toxins that aresprayed on crops. More than five hundred insects, one hundred and fifty plant diseases and twohundred and seventy weeds are now resistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well,are steadily forced to apply more and stronger toxins. As the amount an... ...TM Loops, Marilyn. Pesticides in the Diets ofInfants and Children What Are the Issues? National Network for ChildCare Online. Internet. 11Oct 1998. Available http//www.exnet.iastate.edu/pages/nncc/Nutrition/pestic.infant.html OurVanishing Wildlife. In Harmony. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Availablehttp//www.inharmony.com./pestwild.htm Pesticide and Food Safety. California EnvironmentalProtection Agency Department of Pesticide Regulation July 19971-2. Online. Internet. 11 Oct.1998. Available http//www.cdpr.ca.gov. Pesticides and Food Safety. IFIC Jan. 1995 1-13.Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Availablehttp//www.cdfa.ca.gov/agfacts/pesticides/pesticides.html Pimental, David. Environmental andEconomic Costs of Pesticides. Bioscience Nov. 1998. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Availablehttp//207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg? Wheat, Andrew. Toxic Bananas. Multinational MonitorSept. 1996 9-15 Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998. Availabl ehttp//www.essential.org/monitor/hyper/mm0996.04.html Zuckerman, Seth. Across the GreatDivide. Sierra Sept. 1992 20-21. Online. Internet. 7 Apr. 1998. Availablehttp//207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg?

Costs And Contributions: The Wave From South Of The Border :: essays research papers

Costs and Contributions The Wave From South of The Border all year, hundreds of millions of passel enter the US via land portsof entry, and the INS each year apprehends over 1.3 million aliens at or liftthe rebound. all over 90 pct of those apprehended near the border are Mexicans,and some who enter the US legally and feloniously are carrying drugs into the US.This influx of illegal immigrants from south of the border has created quite astir in many places. Is this good that people are coming to the U.S.? Whatwill happen if this pattern keeps up? get out they steal our jobs? What effectwill this wave of people have on us? These questions plague many and deservedto be answered in the sideline paper on "Costs and contributions The WaveFrom South of The Border"."Dowell Myers (USC) inform on his double cohort method--by age andyear of entry-- of analyzing what happened to immigrants arriving in the 7southern CA counties after 1980. His analysis shows that especial ly youngimmigrants admit considerable economic progress after their arrival--as measuredby their tot up incomes--and that some of their behavior converges rapidly tothat of natives, e.g., they rapidly abandon buses and drive cars to work. Insouthern CA, unity-third of all bus riders are recent immigrants.Myers say that in-migration is raising other issues, includingovercrowded hold. The US definition of acceptable housing was two or lesspersons per room until 1960, when the definition was change to one or less perroom. However, as immigrantsmoved into southern CA, overcrowding jumped, raising questions about howaggressively cities should enforce housing codes developed during a non-immigrant era." Many are haunted by the question will we be hurt? Overcrowding has had a major impact on families living near the Mexican borderlowering standards of living and living space as well. Also, citizens wonderabout the filthy scum that comes from south of the border-are all illegalimm igrants scum?George Vernez outlined an ambitious project that is dealing with thequestion of whether immigration is a plus or minus for CA by examining thepersonal effects of immigration on internal migration, on wages, and on public financesince 1960. Those studies showed that immigrants from most countries do catch upto similar natives in come weekly earnings after 10 to 20 years, but notimmigrants from the major country of origin--Mexico. Furthermore, immigrantchildren tend to follow in their parents footsteps, meaning that the childrenof Asiatic immigrants tend to do well in school, etc., while the children of

Racism and Discrimination in America Essay -- Racism in the United Sta

While browsing by articles on the internet, I came across many related to the topic of racism. I am beginning to feel as if I am adjoin by stories of racism. From the KKKs aggressive campaign against immigrants, to the police violence against char people in cites through egress our nation, racism and discrimination continue to be problems. One story stood out to me and continues to make me uncomfortable. Malachi Wilson, a five year-old boy, could not attend his first day of kindergarten in Seminole, Texas. What could he have do to warrant the principals rejection? His haircloth was simply too long.Navajo on his fathers side and Kiowa on his m early(a)s side, Malachi grows his hair for religious beliefs, as his mother explains that, Native Americans consider hair hallowed and spiritual (Rickert). After Malachis mother, April Wilson explained this to Sherrie Warren, principal of F.J. Elementary School, Warren proceeded to postulate proof that Malachi was American Indian. While W ilson told Warren that her child was a process of the Navajo tribe, Warren did not budge. In response, April Wilson called the Navajo Nation to assist in the sustenance process, and she also called a member of the American Indian Movement, who called the teach territorys superintendent (Rickert). Later that day, Wilson received a call from the school assuring her that Malachi could attend school if she signs a form explaining why he wears his hair long, and thankfully, Malachi has since joined his peers in his kindergarten class.From this story, three main concepts stand out to me ignorance and disrespect of others values, proving your identity, and the impact of discrimination.While the situation has been resolved, the fact that this e... ...es. As a Christian, I know that Native people are not the only(prenominal) people to have considered hair to be sacred. Just look at Samson in Judges 1617 No razor has ever been used on my head, he said, because I have been a Nazirite ded icated to God from my mothers womb. If my head were shaved, my strength would draw a blank me, and I would become as weak as any other man..Something as seemingly simple as hair can be much more complex when we take the time to think or so another persons perspective, history, values, culture, and feelings. The interaction in Seminole, Texas wasnt skillful about a haircut. Work Cited Rickert, Levi. (August 27, 2014). Five-year-old Navajo Boy Denied Admission on premier(prenominal) Day of School Because His Hair is Too Long. Retrieved from http//nativenewsonline.net/currents/five-year-old-navajo-boy-denied-admission-first-day-school-hair-long/.

China :: essays research papers

chinaw ar is a Communist Republic establishment. This means that the government regulates, sets rules, and runs most business in China. However, the increase in a ecumenical economy around the middle of the 20th century caused China to tax their government and decide that something must be done to stimulate the Chinese economy and bring entrepreneurs to China otherwise they will be left(a) behind in the forever-growing global economy. In fact, China has changing a lot from the past 30 years, and we lot really tell the vary. China is a great capitalism country now. That means, the government is controlling everything. However, with the change of the Chinese government, they become more flexible than before. This way can dowery at the economy grow, and improve peoples lives. We can plan from the videos that there are more and more building, shops, and bars build in the cities of China. If you go to visit about 30 years ago, you may non see these views. China is improving ste p by step, one objet dart said from the video. However, as the report shows, there are too umteen building now in China, and there are not some(prenominal) people who want and can afford to buy the buildings. That may tolerant the original purpose of this idea. Deng Xiaoping, the leader of China disbands communes who had already died, allowing farmers to freely wander their products and introduces profit incentives for factories. It is called Socialism with Chinese characteristics - a wonder of rhetoric. From there, many of the farmers live to sell their lands, and move to the big cities like Beijing, or open shops or else of farm. Under Jiang Zemins leadership who is the leader after Deng Xiaopings dead, the fifteenth Party Congress reveals its plan to sell most state-owned industries. It becomes privatize. In the approach years, tens of million of workers will be laid off with no companionable protection is sight. Now, is this still socialism, no its the raw capitalism. F or the average Chinese, it qualification be the worst of both worlds. Some people will fix up the Confucianism into the discussion of the capitalism. Chinese people called this combine idea as Internalism. capitalist economy for China is to centralize all of the Chinese market, and use Confucianism into the modernity idea. It can help the developing of the economy and the growth of the production. In other words, they are just using Confucianisms united idea and thinking to wait at the capitalism.

roseanne And The Kiss :: essays research papers

Roseanne and The KissThis past winter break, myself and one of my best friends were driving tweak one of the main roads in our kin town of Elmira, New York. I happened tolook up at a billboard that was on the side of the road, and saw a sign that state something like Be safe, be smart, be protected. I thought to myself(immediately) well, thats a big improvement from a few years ago when preventiveads werent even allowed on television. Then I noticed, it had the gay symbolsof the upside down pink triangle, and the symbols of two men and two womentogether. My first thought was why is this necessary then I mentioned thatto my friend. He didnt notice, but we both mannikin of laughed and agreed that whydoes it have to be gay people that wishing to protect themselves? We (straightpeople) are just as much at risk--what was the denominate? The point is, that it hasbecome mainstream and accepted to be gay in this parliamentary procedure now, so they can dothat. Only three years ago, ho wever, it was a bit different.Roseanne helped to set a trend in society that has make it moreacceptable to be gay in the media. From the billboard I saw, to Roseannes now(in)famous kiss with some other woman. Roseanne has contributed to this trendimmensely with her television sitcom.To go about with, the series Roseanne has had gay characters on it for along time. Roseannes boss Leon was gay, and by and by the kiss his role on theshow became more outspoken as he got married to his lover in the season afterRoseanne kissed another woman.In the 1994, Roseanne had a homosexual encounter with another woman compete by Mariel Hemingway in a gay bar. The episode was entitled Dont ask,Dont arrange seemingly making light of Bill Clintons policy of gays in themilitary. The darn of this episode is, that Roseanne goes into a gay bar withher bisexual friend Nancy, play by outspoken bisexual actress Sandra Bernhard.Roseanne dances with Nancys new girlfriend Sharon (Hemmingway). Thesituation i s awkward to Roseannes sister Jackie who also went with them,but Roseanne has a great time. After dancing with Sharon, the two sit down tochat, one thing leads to another and Roseanne makes a joke which ismisinterpreted by Sharon, and she kisses Roseanne. The rest of the episodedeals with Roseannes discomfort with the kiss.The episode was at long last aired, but it went through a lot of trouble todo so.

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Forrest Gump was written by Eric Roth and stars Tom Hanks in the lead role. The movie portrays the career of a man (Forrest Gump). With an IQ of 75, he goes through everyday manner and changing the world around him with come out even realizing. The heart of Forrest takes place in America from the 60s every last(predicate) the way up to the 90s.Through his journey he meets various people from presidents to musicians which he influences along with the people around him. He becomes a media icon, and also influences very vital historical events. He does many things throughout the film but due(p) to his mental state he is totally unaware of his impact on the world. During the rest of the film Forrest meets a few individuals all striving for personalised dreams and trying to find something bigger than themselves to give meaning to their lives. He meets a military lieutenant whose goal is to follow the footsteps of family members who died as heroes in war, another(prenominal) soldie r who dreams of opening a shrimp business and the love of his life story Jenny who longs to be famous and touch the lives of others. Sadly, the dreams of those around him end in despair. Meanwhile the main character achieves this success that everyone else wishes fro without even realizing it or warmth for that matter. The film is a great display of existentialism and the point that we moldiness create our let meaning to life. I dont notice if we each have a destiny or were all middling floating accidental-like in the breeze. Is one of the quotes by Forrest that attempts to address the proceeds of whether things in life happen because of destiny or chance? entirely the incidents that happen to Forrest during the movie all turn out better in the end. For example, him having to wear leg braces meant he was also teased by ... ...and Forrest on the ship where he decides to make peace with God by throwing himself in the water as a sign of baptism. That is where he realizes and ac cepts life as something worthy to live, not heroic death. From there questions arise such as Does God really exist or is he just an unproven belief? Forrest is asked by Dan if he has found Jesus and his suffice is I didnt know I was supposed to be smell for him. So if God really did exist and we needed to be relieve by him shouldnt we know we needed to be looking for him? Sarte would word the chance and God would ultimately cancel each other out and leave us with the decision to do what we believe is right creating your own destiny.The movie doesnt only cover a lot on existentialism, but does a fantastic job of encouraging people to honk away from the bigger picture and add value to the littler picures.

Computer Creativity in Soccer :: Technology Artificial Intelligence Essays

reckoner Creativity in Soccer Studies concerning data processor creativity in cheat and music have been central issues in the theater of soppy give-and-take for over thirty eld, and several scholars of computer science are hopeful that computers will eventually be able to create original workings (Miranda, 16), but not until recently had any computer programmer chased Artificial Intelligence in athletics. This is a particularly daunting field because our knowledge of robotics is still very primitive, but this does not merit neglecting promote investigation. Robotic association football has emerged as a new challenge in Artificial Intelligence, but the question remains of whether robots playing sports has anything to do with true intelligence, or the level of creativity that is necessary to produce something artistic. The study of robotic soccer is like to that of computer-composed art in several ways, the simplest parallel being that the more reasoning(a) a computer i s, the more it excels at each of the fields. After a certain point, raw computing power will not assistant a computer to improve anymore at either soccer or art, but the ability to think in the first place will be essential in bringing forbidden true talent in a machine. The concept for robotic soccer originated in 1994 at an AI league when professor of computer science at Univer presenty of British Columbia, Alan Mackworth, presented a aggroup of motorized miniature Porsches with computer chips that chased a ball around, stressful to knock it into a goal. The motorized cars were equipped with only a mickle system and some basic programming, but much to the excitement of the labor of European and Japanese spectators, they were completely independent of any humane control. Mackworth had originally come up with the idea only a few years earlier, after learning of MIT and IBMs joint project to build profound Blue, the most advanced chess-playing computer program that became better than any human player after beating grandmaster Kasparov in a best out of five game match. Mackworth realized how simple it was to construct a computer that could outwit a human opponent at chess, commenting that, chess computers sit in a room and stare at a board. I thought AI should raise the bar. (Preville, National Post) Chess seemed to be adapt towards computers - it is a single-player, strategical game in which players have no clock constraints when thinking through all possible moves, and it does not necessitate mobility.

Essay --

The Bolivarian Republic of VenezuelaVenezuela is a Latin American country located in northern entropy America and borders countries such as Colombia, Brazil and Guyana. Venezuela became colonized in 1522 by the Spanish, who remained in power until the early nineteenth century. After the Venezuelans independence from Spain in 1821, the country experienced periods of dictatorial rule of the caudillos and revolutionary turbulence which left wing the country with major political instability for the remainder of the century. During the early ordinal century, authoritarianism ruled the nation until Romulo Gallegos, a leftist, became the first democratically choose president in 1947. Within the year, Gallegos was overthrown by Marcos Perez Jimenez, a military officer, who, he himself would eventually become overthrown in 1958. Upon his departure from office, civilian democracy had been restored with the alternative of Romulo Betancourt. Until the latter end of the twentieth century, Ve nezuela had generally remained a politically nonviolent country. However, in 1989, Venezuela experienced a period...

The Use Of Vulgarity in the Works of Allen Ginsberg Essay -- Biograph

The Use Of Vulgarity in the Works of Allen Ginsberg The turn poets were the voice of a generation. Unadulterated honesty and truth is a special objective of the beat poets, and to them this honesty and truth is best achieved with a raw, ofttimes vulgar language that can recognize any(prenominal) contributors uncomfortable. In this selection from his book, Allen Ginsberg, Thomas Merrill comments on the truth exhibited by the poet ...such a commitment to subjective truth not only permits but demands the uninhibited confessions that tend to make conventional readers squirm. Many beat writers, especially Ginsberg, flaunt their most inner(a) acts and feelings...in an aggressive street language (2). In Ginsbergs collection of numberss, Reality Sandwiches, 1953-1960 , The reader gets a good taste of Ginsbergs mouth... which, as usual is uninhibitedly and often meretriciously honest (Merrill 88). The unabashed honesty in this collection often concerns end up and drugs, those sub jects being important for this generation of rebellion. In The Green Automobile, a poem about a fantasy road-trip enjoyed by Ginsberg and Neal Cassady, his one time lover, Ginsberg presents images of a sexual nature. Two of the images follow Id honk my horn at his man-sized gate, inside his wife and three children sprawl naked on the sustainment room floor. (Ginsberg, Reality Sandwiches 11) Neal, well be real heroes now in a war between our cocks and time (15) Even if some readers pay lilliputian attention to the allusions to homosexuality, one of the images, the one concerning Cassadys children, could make some readers uncomfortable. The imagery present is strong, it is this strength of imagery that ... ...s whimper and On Neals Ashes the vulgarities are used not merely for effect, but to truly convey the feeling he wishes to express. Although some are made to feel uncomfortable, the true nature of the poet is to convey feeling, and this is through with(p) in an extrem ely proficient manner. Works Cited Ginsberg, Allen. Reality Sandwiches 1953-1960. San Francisco City Lights Books, 1963. - - - . Howl. Contemporary American Poetry-5th Edition. Ed. A.Poulin Jr.. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin, 1991. 175-182. - - - . America. Contemporary American Poetry-5th Edition. Ed. A.Poulin Jr.. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1991. 182-184. - - - . On Neals Ashes. Contemporary American Poetry-5th Edition. Ed. A.Poulin Jr.. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1991. 188. Merrill, Thomas. Allen Ginsberg. Boston Twayne, 1988.

A Saxon Noble serves King William the First :: Papers

A Saxon Noble serves king William the First About twenty years ago I do my submission to William of Normandy when I saw that we Saxons could no longer resist the restrain of William and his knights and men-at-arms they were simply too strong and well organized to be efficaciously resisted. My friend Hereward, known as the Wake, held out of for eight years in the Isle of Ely, in the Fens but then even he had to submit. I realised that if we Saxon nobles continued to resist we would lose our land, our animals, our crops, our houses and possibly our lives. roughly(prenominal) of the Saxon lords in Yorkshire and Northumbria had all their land laid waste and the peasantry who served them barely survived and many died from starvation. They called it the Harrying of the North. That showed just how ruthless William could be. In the year 1069 we seven gesiths of Warwickshire and the west Country held council together to decide what we should do. We immovable not to play heroics since that would be like sentencing most of the geneats, geburs and kotsetlas to starvation and death. These were our people they depended on us. We seven gesiths decided to go to Williams court together and discuss terms. William was surprisingly magnanimous to us, although he did insist that we should all pay homage to him and give him any(prenominal) service he would demand. For example he wanted our help in bringing criminals to justice and he also wanted us individually to raise a troop of knights and men-at-arms to give him military service when he needed it. He wanted provisions too from our estates. He re-organized some of our estates, taking away some of our lands for his Norman, Poitevin and Angevin knights, but giving us opposite land in its place. This had the effect of mixing our Saxon ruling enlighten with the new foreign ruling class of Normans and others. I didnt peculiarly like this but I couldnt see any alternative.

Slavery as the Cause of the American Civil War Essay -- Slavery Essays

The Civil War was ca employ by many some(prenominal) pressures, principles, and prejudices, fueled by sectional differences, and was finally set into motion by a most unlikely set of policy-making events. From economic differences to political differences all the way up to cultural differences, the sexual union and the South contrasted each other. These tensions were further increased after the western expansion of the linked States. By the early 1850s a civil war was cognize to be likely coming soon.Economically, the chief and immediate cause of the war was slavery. Southern states, including the 11 states that formed the Confederacy, depended on slavery to support their economy. The North used a factory system for their agriculture, which they hired cheap labor. Southerners used slave labor to produce crops, e...

The Purpose of Education :: School Learning Educating Essays Papers

The Purpose of trainingI suppose the reasons that brought me to St. Olaf in 2003 were shared by m each spirit to upper class Midwestern kids who had just calibrated from high school. We play by the rules and our attainment styles fit well into the frequent education brass (and maybe we were fairly smart too), so we had a piece of opus saying that we had a good GPA. Our parents had been grooming us for College of all time since we were little, fashioning us fill out practice applications and breathing out out of their instruction to drive us past the U of M on our carriage anywhere. We knew the rules If you dont get the degree, youll end up living in your parents basement and cleaning toilets for a living or pregnant (or, GASP, both). Those seemed like the only twain options at the fourth dimension sans degree. Plus, at least in my case, I had a big child at St. Olaf and I liked books and was motivated. All in all, it was just pass judgment of me and I was ok with it. T hen, how of all time, the summer after a truly data-based and not extremely educational freshman year, I spent a summer working on an organic spring up near Stillwater, MN and discovered what it felt like to truly learn. not just reading some book because I HAD to and wherefore throw away the schooling backbone out on a test, but questing for information and experiences because plants were FASCINATING and learning to drive a tractor was empowering and farming was complex, elegant, challenging and to a higher place all, very very real. For a suburban kid who didnt chicane what a love apple plant looked like and never had seen the inside of any machine, learning how to senesce food, the some necessary thing in behavior besides water, was the most relevant experience Id ever had. For the first duration in my life, I wasnt doing something because I gather uped the grade or the approval I was doing it because it interested me. So then I intractable I call for to drop out of school. tolerable with this book stuff, how does this ever relate to real life? Why do I need to know about Christianity in the 7 th century or the philosophical thoughts of dead white men or about the intimate workings of the Krebs cycle I want to cock in the dirt, I want to learn about how to keep squash rackets bugs off my cucurbits, and I want to fix fences and tractors.The Purpose of Education School Learning Educating Essays coverThe Purpose of EducationI suppose the reasons that brought me to St. Olaf in 2003 were shared by many middle to upper class Midwestern kids who had just graduated from high school. We played by the rules and our learning styles fit well into the public education system (and maybe we were fairly smart too), so we had a piece of paper saying that we had a good GPA. Our parents had been grooming us for College ever since we were little, making us fill out practice applications and going out of their way to drive us past the U of M on our way a nywhere. We knew the rules If you dont get the degree, youll end up living in your parents basement and cleaning toilets for a living or pregnant (or, GASP, both). Those seemed like the only two options at the time sans degree. Plus, at least in my case, I had a big sister at St. Olaf and I liked books and was motivated. All in all, it was just expected of me and I was ok with it. Then, however, the summer after a very experimental and not extremely educational freshman year, I spent a summer working on an organic farm near Stillwater, MN and discovered what it felt like to truly learn. Not just reading some book because I HAD to and then regurgitate the information back out on a test, but questing for information and experiences because plants were FASCINATING and learning to drive a tractor was empowering and farming was complex, elegant, challenging and above all, very very real. For a suburban kid who didnt know what a tomato plant looked like and never had seen the inside of an y machine, learning how to grow food, the most necessary thing in life besides water, was the most relevant experience Id ever had. For the first time in my life, I wasnt doing something because I needed the grade or the approval I was doing it because it interested me. So then I decided I needed to drop out of school. Enough with this book stuff, how does this ever relate to real life? Why do I need to know about Christianity in the 7 th century or the philosophical thoughts of dead white men or about the inner workings of the Krebs cycle I want to dig in the dirt, I want to learn about how to keep squash bugs off my cucurbits, and I want to fix fences and tractors.

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Gish Jens Whos Irish and Amy Tans two Kinds both entail two different stories with similar symbols and themes, these stories also raise a vast amount of cultural differences. In Whos Irish the Chinese grandmother has opposing views on her son-in-law and his inability to get a job, as well as how her granddaughter should be raised. Two Kinds depicts the lifestyle a Chinese mother is trying to create for her young daughter, as all(prenominal) she wants is for her to become a young piano prodigy and not burn start the opportunity of the American Dream. Nonetheless they share several attributes that trammel them apart from to each one other as they exhibit parallel battles, characters and story lines. It is discernible in the text that both mothers represent oppressive and authoritarian personalities which cease up getting in the office of their relationships with their daughters. Given both fabricators alone(predicate) characteristics and continuous consistency of pers onalities the audience will be able to set them apart and get wind the different cultures in which the vote counters were raised.The narrator uses a vast amount of symbolism in Whos Irish to vividly bring out the intended themes for the readers. Throughout the story the narrator could not understand why her daughters husband is so incompetent, and why he needs to be pampered. When the narrator uses the line, plain boil food, plain boiled thinking (par. 13-14) she is expressing bigotry toward other cultures and their incompetence to understand what hard work really is. The symbolism here is being employ to emphasize cultural difference that has ruled the working criteria of the American citizens. accordingly this is an example of how difficult is it for the narrator to accept other cultur... ...e two stories contrasts each other on their thematic use in the two stories. In Two Kinds, Jing- Mei is very stubborn and also very naive. It was by dint of her character that she vehe mently prevented herself from being an immense piano player which displays she has no desire to obey her mothers wishes for her. In Whos is Irish the situation is very different as the grandmother attempts to raise her granddaughter the way she was raised herself, the Chinese way.Lastly, we can distinguish that the theme and the symbolism in the two stories are very much interlinked, the narrators in both stories be possessed of clearly emphasized on their theme using symbolism. Symbolism in its own is a form of communication where the listeners will figure out the symbolic representative in relation to the narration. Symbolism also demonstrates the narrative theme in the real world scenario.

Software Patents in Western Europe :: Software Technology Patent Paperes

Softw ar Patents in Western EuropeIntroductionThe world is becoming smaller and smaller. Its a catch-line clich anyone who is familiar with the internet has heard a thousand times. Email provides nearly instant communication across the globe, enormous files containing every imaginable piece of information are transmitted in the blink of an eye, and the World Wide Web makes it all accessible to the ordinary individual with moderate computer skills. There is no denying it, just ilk the IBM slogan, the internet has changed the way the world does business. One key to doing business is the patent. Meant to vantage and encourage innovation, the patent gives the creator of an idea or invention a temporary monopoly on their product. This grants small businesses a foothold in a market that would otherwise be dominated by giant corporations. olibanum patents give life to competition, the cornerstone of capitalism. However, with the advent of the computer industry the unfreeze of patenting packet programs has become an intense debate. These intangible sequences of ones and zeros are coveted same(p) gold and in some cases are the very livelihood of legion(predicate) businesses.The State of Affairs in Western EuropeThere are two camps in Europe battling out the issue of software patents. On one side we have Brussels technocrats and technology giants such as Microsoft, SAP, and Nokia, all of which insist that Europe must do more to shelter intellectual property or risk compromising its global competitiveness.1 The basic argument of this side is that patents are necessary if Europe wants to compete with U.S. and Chinese innovation. On the other side of the debate there is an regular army of economists, left-leaning politicians, and programmers such as Linux creator Linus Torvalds1 who present the argument that software patents are a creativity-crushing weapon wielded by multinationals to bash startups.1 The open-source community, which produces softwa re without patents for all people to use, is particularly strong in Europe. It is their popular opinion that software patents put programs under lock and key and they would like to natter Europe reject software patents completely.For the past two years the European Union has been working to stiffen its existing patent laws while equilibrise the sometimes conflicting requirements of its 15 members. However, the process was upended in family line when the European Parliament -- under heavy last-minute lobbying by open-source advocates -- unexpectedly approved a draft law that effectively banned all software patents.