Business Programmes Techniques - SWOT Analysis as a Strategic Planning Tool Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Strengths in the SWOT analysis refer to resources and capabilities of the organization that provides it with a relative advantage over its competitors in satisfying the targeted market. Weaknesses, on the other hand, refer to any limitation or deficiency in any of the resources or capabilities of the organization in comparison with its competitors that is likely to be a disadvantage in meeting the needs of its targeted market effectively. Opportunities represent significant favourable situations in the environment of the organization, while threats pertain to the significant unfavourable situations in the environment of the organization that are likely to represent major obstacles in the organization s present market position or desired position in the future (Pearce, Robinson Mital, 2008). The aim in a SWOT analysis in strategic managerial planning is identification of one of the four distinct patterns in the match between a firm s internal resources and external situation (Pearc e, Robinson Mital, 2008, p. 174). The internal resources consist of its competencies and capabilities, present as strengths and weaknesses, over which an organization has a certain degree of control. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Programmes Techniques - SWOT Analysis as a Strategic Planning Tool or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The second possible position that a SWOT analysis may throw up is that though the organization has several key strengths, the external environment is not favourable.

Different Viewpoints On The Autism - 945 Words

There are a few different viewpoints on the Autism CARES Act from the taxpayer’s perspective. These perspectives are largely based on that person’s general beliefs about autism or how this policy affects people with autism spectrum disorders and their families. To many it was clear that the Combating Autism Act (CAA) had been largely unsuccessful and they were looking at how this policy could be improved. General concerns regarding this policy are centered around how the funding is being used and in what ways it is benefiting those with autism. Some believe that this policy would be better if there were a few changes, while others have a negative view of the policy as a whole; people also realize that the policy is not exactly perfect, but it is a start. With the new changes in language for the Autism CARES Act, some are content with how these changes will affect the autism community. The reauthorization of the CAA means that they are still seeking out answers, providin g families with educational support, and developing early protection procedures. This policy is important to them, their friends or loved ones, and others with autism because â€Å"it continues to shine a light on the need for more research and better education, along with the monitoring of services and funding† (Tobik, 2014). As Amy Tobik goes on to say, â€Å"Families need to know that they are supported by their community and by their government and that we are fighting right alongside them to get them the servicesShow MoreRelatedMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthoughts on political and social issues, providing room for different perspectives. Unquestionably, media affects our life in nearly every ways. With a turn of a magazine page, a tune on a radio, or a flip of a TV channel, media somewhat plays a part in our life. 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Advanced Aircraft Performance

Question: Discuss about the Advanced Aircraft Performance. Answer: Introduction The concept and phenomenon of the coffin corner has been a concept that has been unaddressed completely with proper and potential solutions. The continued accidents, for larger and commercial flights have been the causes for loss of many lives and through the challenges to the design of the aircraft and the operation of the aircrafts, if they accidentally enter the stall regions. Discussion Air France Flight 447 was a passenger flight that travels from Rio de Janeiro to Paris and France via Brazil. This flight was unfortunately crashed on June 1st, 2009. The flight was run and operated by Air France (Rapoport, 2011). The flight was crashed after it entered an aerodynamic stall and later crashed and fell into Atlantic Ocean and killed the entire people, who aboard the flight, cabin crew, aircrew and total 228 passengers. So, the flight has entered high altitude stall and later impacted ocean. According to the final report of BEA (Bureau dEnquetes et dAnalyses pour la Securite de Aviation Civile), the crashing of the aircraft was done, after temporary inconsistencies that happened in between the measurements of airspeed. The inconsistence might have happened likely because of the pilot tubes of the aircraft, which were obstructed because of the ice crystals. This has caused disconnection to the autopilot. Eventually, the crew has responded and reacted incorrectly. It allowed the flight to enter the aerodynamic stall and it was made impossible to recover from it. Flight 447 flew at the altitude of 35,000 feet, where the relationship between the stall speed of the aircraft and the sounds speed has got the names called the coffin corner. The link here is about the shape of the plot of velocity of stall versus. At this point velocity is considered in terms of Mach number, which is the speed relative, the sounds speed. The link here is only about the shape of plot, but not the meaning of deadly to fly. Though there have been many incidents, where the coffin corner incident was occurred by many aircrafts, things were in control and the accidents were resulted because of the other failures and loss control. However, the threat of coffin corner cannot be violated or neglected, which can be serious prone to the aircraft crashes. Coffin Corner The concept of coffin corner has other names called Q corner or aerodynamic ceiling. Figure: Coffin Corner The concept of coffin corner can be understood as the altitude, at which stall speed of the fast fixed wing aircraft would be equal to the critical match number, at specific G-force loading and gross weight. The flight would be very difficult to stand in stable state at this altitude. Here, the flight has to maintain its minimum and maximum speeds based on two constraints. The minimum speed is the stall speed, so that the flight can be maintained without falling down by losing the altitude. The maximum speed is the critical mach number, which is the maximum number at which the air does not lose lift and travel over the wings, because of the separation of flow and shock waves. If the flight increases more than this speed, the flight starts losing lift and lose altitude, by pitching heavily nose down. Here, the word corner, from the coffin corner refers to the shape of triangle at flight envelopes top chart, where critical mach number ad stall speed are joined at this point (Jonathan, 2010). Since, the minimum and maximum speeds of the flight are very well associated with the coffin corner, the concept of coffin corner has become vital and essential to follow for the flights for stable movement, without falling or losing its altitude. Implications Of Operation Of A Large Craft High Altitude Upset is an important implication for regulated performance requirement for safer operation of the large crafts. Upset is interpreted as a loss of control, caused from stalling. The flight envelope, at higher altitude, the scope to increase the altitude or change the velocity is restricted greatly. It is caused from the thin air at altitude, which in turn gives two effects (Jonathan, 2010). The first effect is that the sound becomes will be at higher altitude The second effect is the stalling speed of the aircraft would be more in such thin air So, if the flight continues to fly straight and gets levelled at higher subsonic speed, in such increased altitudes and the pilot tries to accelerate in such conditions, the flight moves close enough to sounds speed and buffeting or sound barrier could be resulted. If the flight is tried to slow down, it would be easier to slow down to reach the stall speed of it. Then also the pilot would start feeling the buffeting, because of the stall effects. Buffet is the huge and dangerous feeling of vibration that could even be reached to 0.2g. On the other hand, if the pilot attempts to move higher and climb upwards, at higher altitude and subsonic speed, buffeting can be induced, because of the increased attack angle in the thin air. This concept is coffin corner and it is not an exception for the modern flight. Flight Performance Data The performance data of the coffin corner experiment is confined largely confined to the aircrafts that are experimental and under test conditions. However, the data shows that the coffin corner has been affected to the commercial flights, such as Aircraft France Flight 447, Aircraft 330 and Pan American Boeing 707 (Jonathan, 2010). Operations of a Large Aircraft Figure: Diagram to show the difference found between Pitch angel and Angle of attack Angle of Attack is considered as an angle found between te chord plane of the wing and the direction of travel of the plane. AoA is an important consideration to determine the stall speed. Pitch angle is considered as the angle in between horizontal and fuselarge centre line. The major difference found between the Pitch angle and AOA is that AOA, which could prevent the stall, cannot be considered as a feel that can be felt by the pilot, as the pilot is dependent on the instruments (Thompson, 2013). But the pilot can have at least some awareness of it, as it could affect the feeling of the pilot. However, Pitch angle cannot be considered as an important parameter to avoid stall. When Air France 447 is considered, the accident was subjected to extremely detailed and reported by the authorities of France. It was a bizarre accident, in which one of its pilots behaved strangely, so was unaware of what the pilot was doing, because of freezing in panic completely. Unfortunately, the other pilots war unaware of the condition of this pilot and cannot interpret properly for the instrumentation. The result is the vanish of the aircraft and it recorded no Mayday calls, as the flight was landing in mid-Atlantic and no radar records were made available, as it was in the center of the ocean (Jonathan, 2010). Almost after two years, from the accident, in 2011, recovery of the cockpit voice recorders and light data recorders were found. The accident was caused by the pilot probes, which was caused from the ice crystals. Then the automatic system was disconnected and there were incorrect speed indications shown. Though the captain and co-pilots were re-joined, it was after 1 minute 30 seconds, however, the flight went into stall situation. It fell from 35,000 ft. and within four minutes of time. The flight was perfectly alright with no mechanical or electrical malfunctions. The Air France 447 accident is not influenced by the fuel consumption. Ideally, the amount of fuel can be as much as possible, however, it would depend on the weight and balance of the flight. Calculation of the fuel requirement for the aircraft depends on various variables and it legally depends on the fuel reserves needed for the regular trip and additional reserves that include diverted travel. Emergency Response For A Large Aircraft Airbus gave certain recommendations for changing the Pilot tubes model that are installed in A320, A340 and A330, in September, 2007, because of water ingress problems. However, Air France attempted to decide for replacing the A330s pilot tubes, only in cases of failure and so it was not airworthiness directive. However, there have been the situations, in 2008, where airspeed data are lost during the flights, because of icing of pilot tubes, though it was temporary. Then Air France started accelerating the replacement programme for the Pilot tube. This program was implemented from 17th June 2009 (Rapoport, 2011). Later, the recovered cockpit voice recordings and recovered flight data recorders were enabled to record the details of what was happened to work out (Thompson, 2013). Loading Solutions For A Large Aircraft Loading solutions for aircrafts can now be done with the use of the technology, using software. The loading solution of the fuel is not an issue for the aircrafts addressing now. According to the training of the pilot, the reaction after approaching the stall, the controls are to be moved or pushed forward. There are two sticks, both sides of the pilot and they act as game controllers. Both the pilots have these two sets of sticks and they move independent to each other. So, non-flying pilot does not the actions performed by the flying pilot (Rapoport, 2011). The coffin corner and stalls situation have to be well handled to ensure that the aircraft does not get affected by the altitude and control. Pilots have to be trained sufficiently to control the flight, in high-altitude stall recovery. The angle of attack has to be inferred indirectly with reference to the speed, towards recognizing the stall and recovery. The human machine interface has to provide the information that is unambiguous and clear, especially in the fault conditions. Too many alarms should not bombard the pilots. Sufficient training has to be provided to the pilots to ensure that they consistently maintain situation awareness. So, they should consistently retain a better mental model of the machine-systems state. Since the pilots are not engineers, they by default have to believe the data displayed and presented to them. All the above solutions have not been addressed, especially, there is disconnect between the anticipation of the design engineer, about the rational and irrational behavior of the pilot and the design of the aircrafts. Eventually, the design aspects cannot be in such conditions that the aircrafts would continue to function and in control, irrespective of the irrational behavior of the pilot operator (Jonathan, 2010). Though many of the situations, handling stalls in coffin corner conditions has been addressed to some extent, there is no complete solution developed and implemented in the overall design and structure of the aircraft even in the modern aircraft design. So, it cannot be said that the modern aircraft is not susceptible to the coffin corner phenomenon. There is no assurance from the designer till now that there cannot be danger of stalls and coffin corner for the modern aircrafts (Thompson, 2013). Though it is high performance aircraft, it can be concluded that it is not exception for the occurrence of the coffin corner. Recommendations Since the larger aircrafts, which have the probability to get into the stall area, through coffin corner, have to be built with the solutions. They are recommended to build the flights to travel within the specified limits. In addition to that, the pilot operators are to be well trained against operating the airplane safely in the coffin corner. Conclusion Air France 447 has been suffered from the coffin corner phenomenon. The same phenomenon has been occurred for another aircraft, A330 and Boeing, before its occurrence. Eventually, the phenomenon of coffin corner has come into a wider concept for discussion. The concept of the coffin corner has been experienced in the way that the aircraft enters into the stall and loses its control. When the aircraft enters into the stall, control of the aircraft becomes difficult, because of the challenges to maintain both the minimum and maximum speeds. Eventually, there are many implications resulted in the requirements of the regulated performance implications for the operation of the aircrafts. The performance of the flight becomes uncontrollable, no matter it is a small flight or larger flight. Performance of the flight should be in control, before entering the stall and it should be very well controlled, during the operation of the flight by the operators. The solutions are proposed, based on the experiences gained from the failure of the Air France 447. It is concluded that, since all the implications and challenges of the stalls and coffin cabin phenomenon are unaddressed completely to resolve, the modern larger flights are still susceptible to the phenomenon of coffin corner. References Alcock, Charles, (2011).Latest Report on AF447 Crash Calls for New Training and Flight Data.AINonline. Hradecky, Simon, (2009).Incident: Air France A332 over Atlantic on Nov 30th 2009: Mayday call due to severe turbulence.The Aviation Herald. Jonathan, (2010).Nova Working on Air France 447 Documentary.Nova. Air France 447. Ranson, L. (2009).Air France 447 Two A330 airspeed and altitude incidents under NTSB scrutiny. aviationnewsrelease. Mindell, David, A. (2015).Our Robots, Ourselves: Robotics and the Myths of Autonomy. Penguin Random House. N.V. (2011). The Difference Engine: Wild blue coffin corner.The Economist. Otelli, Jean-Pierre, (2011).Erreurs de Pilotage(in French).Altipresse. Palmer, Bill (2013).Understanding Air France 447. William Palmer. Rapoport, R. (2011). The Rio/Paris Crash: Air France 447. Lexographic Press. Nick, T. R., Neil, (2012).Air France Flight 447: 'Damn it, we're going to crash.UK: The Daily Telegraph. Roberts, R., (2015).David Mindell on Our Robots, Ourselves.EconTalk(Podcast). Library of Economics and Liberty. Swatton, Peter, J. (2011), Principles of Flight for Pilots, Chichester, UK: Wiley Sons Ltd. Thompson, J. (2013). Safety in Engineering. Retrieved September 2, 2016, from https://www.safetyinengineering.com/FileUploads/Situation%20awareness%20and%20HMI_1369663651_2.pdf. Traufetter, Gerald, (2010).Death in the Atlantic: The Last Four Minutes of Air France Flight 447. Spiegel. Tyson, Peter, (2010).Air France 447, One Year Out.Nova. PBS. Wise, Jeff, (2009).How Plane Crash Forensics Lead to Safer Aviation.Popular Mechanics.

Strategic Management General Motors, Apple Sony Essay Example

Strategic Management: General Motors, Apple Sony Paper Management General Motors woes according to the author Julian Birkinshaw in the article Reinventing Management, states that the 2007-2008 was because of the inadequacies of management. Majority of entities such as General Motors and others such as Lehman Brothers had inadequate risk management approaches to avoid risky organizational practices. It is evident that business executives within managerial positions in organizations lack ethics and the ability to adhere to provided standards of practice. This results to financial crises. The author provides that organizations such as General Motors, which have evolved for more than 100 years, assumed dominant positions within the business world resulting in dominant management styles, as well. Hence, from such a perspective it is possible to understand authoritarian conduct by management within large organizations such as General Motors and others as well in the United States (Birkinshaw 7). We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management: General Motors, Apple Sony specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management: General Motors, Apple Sony specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management: General Motors, Apple Sony specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Apple Inc. according to the article Apple Inc.’s Ethical Success and Challenges, had a share value of just over US $3.30 in the year 1997; however, by the end of the year 2011, the share price of the entity had risen to an overwhelming US $339.87 (Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative 11). Such impressive financial performance resulted in the declaration of Apple Inc. as one of the most successful entities in the modern business world. This is primarily attributed to the shift from computer to consumer electronics entity that was unprecedented by the company. The corporate culture at Apple Inc has also been marked by challenges towards adequate ethical practice. Apple has a corporate belief that its employees engage in conduct that is ethical given that the entity is driven by the need for â€Å"creating innovative, high-quality products and services and on demonstrating integrity in every business interaction† (Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative 12). It is evident that, after the production of one of its anticipated products, the iPhone 4, consumers had complaints about issues with reception. Other issues included the protection of the privacy of consumers using the range of mobile phones developed by the entity. Invasion of privacy was resultant after some features on the range of mobile phones provided for location of a consumer without his consent. Ensuring ethical conduct of business is paramount for an entity such as Apple; this is because of the resulting negative effects on the reputation of the entity due to unethical practice s. Sony Corporation has also been experiencing problems within management of its strategic approaches towards ensuring a high shareholder value. The loss in shareholder value of the entity, according to a recent study by the Griffin Consultancy Group, states that Sony Corporation had conservative management approach despite the presence of volatility and high competition in its market of operation. This has resulted in weak financials recorded year after year by the entity. Additionally, it has resulted in a lack of focus by the entity. A lack of focus is attributable to the â€Å"empire building strategy† that has resulted in a slowdown in terms of innovation, in the variety of production fields or lines of the organization (Tang, Misra and Ellie 13). This is also based on a notion that the entity has achieved maximum growth and a monopolistic status. However, such a notion and perspective is inadequate and inappropriate for an entity operating in the 21st century. This is the primary reason that the entity is slowly losing out to new entities seeking a share of the various entertainment fields that Sony Corporation operates (Tang, Misra and Ellie 16). Conclusively, it is evident that the three entities, Sony, Apple, and General Motors are affected primarily by their respective corporate and organizational cultures. Furthermore, the management strategies assumed by the organizations identified are also due to the organizational culture founded on the firm belief that such approaches are relevant for the organizations and enhance the competitiveness, efficacy and effectiveness of an organization in its respective field of operations. Work Cited Birkinshaw, Julian. â€Å"Reinventing Management: shifting the trajectory of civilization† Oxford Leadership Journal. Volume 1, Issue 3 (June 2010):1-10. Print. Tang, Hao, Misra, Rahul and Ellie Shanholt. â€Å"Sony Corporation† Grififn Consulting Group. April 2012. Web. February 22, 2013. Accessed from http://economics-files.pomona.edu/jlikens/SeniorSeminars/Likens2012/reports/Sony.pdf Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative. â€Å"Apple Inc.’s Ethical Success and Challenges† University of New Mexico. March 2012. Web. February 23 2013. Accessed from http://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/Apple%20Case.pdf

Scanning the Remote Environment Essay Example

Scanning the Remote Environment Paper The health reform will affect the way Freshness makes business because the company needs to adapt the new payments-per-service coverage and sustain quality Of service as well as profitability. External Environmental Scan Remote Environment The remote environment comprises five factors that originate beyond, and usually irrespective of, any single firms operating situation: economic, social, political, technological, and ecological factors (Pearce II Robinson, 201 2, p. 87). The organization has no control or regulation over these factors. The remotes environmental factors influence the way Freshness Medical Care offers dialysis services, especially the economic and political factors. The economic factor describes the organization awareness of the general availability of credit, the level of disposable income, and the propensity of people to spend (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 87). Freshness target market is end-stage-renal-disease patients with health care insurance. The economic factor will affect Freshness target and the ability to pay for dialysis treatment and medications. The political factors define the legal and regulatory parameters within which firms must operate (Pearce II Robinson, 201 2, p. 90). A good example of political factor is the Obama Care Law or Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The president Bark Obama signs the law in 2010 with the purpose of providing accessibility to affordable medical care to the Americans and to reduce the government expenses. For-profits entities like Freshness Medical Care have to adapt the new regulations and create a strategic plan to avoid the potential reduction on profit. We will write a custom essay sample on Scanning the Remote Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Scanning the Remote Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Scanning the Remote Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Industry Environment Industry environment is the general conditions for competition that influence all businesses that provide similar products and services (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 97). There are five forces that Michael E. Porter, a Harvard University professor, uses to describe the industry competition (Pearce II Robinson, 2012). These forces are entry barriers, supplier power, buyer power, substitute availability, and competitive rivalry (Pearce II Robinson, 2012). Freshness Medical Care major competitor in the united States is Davit Dialysis Center. Freshness recognizes and study the competitors strategies to strength the organization. The Obama Care law affects the dialysis industry by changing the medication coverage. Freshness competitor owns pharmaceuticals with capability to serve the dialysis patients s soon the law becomes active in 2016. Freshness identifies the threat of substitute of the competitor and create a program that provides medications to the patients and increase the company profitability even before the law is effective. The goal for Freshness is to enroll a 100% of patients with Medicare in Freshness Rug program by the end of 2013. So far Freshness is at 20% of the goal in California. Operating Environment The external operating environment seems to be closer to the firm than the remote and the industry environments. Operating environment includes the allowing factors: competitors, creditors, customers, labor, and supplier (Pearce II Robinson, 2012). The proximity of these factors implies that the company may have more interaction and more awareness of the environmental changes. F-or example, Freshness study the effect Of the new health reform on the main competitor, Davit Dialysis, the patients, the employees, the pharmaceutical suppliers, and medication distributors. Freshness uses this information to create new strategies and reform the internal environment. Internal Environmental Scan Strengths A strength is a resource or capability controlled by or available to a firm that ivies it an advantage relative to its competitors in meeting the needs of the customers it serves (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 51). Freshness Medical Care is a German company with more than 70 years of experience in the dialysis industry. The company operates worldwide and has more than 2,100 dialysis facilities in North America (Freshness Medical Care, n. D. , p. 1). In addition to the experience and knowledge, Freshness is the continents top producer of dialysis equipment, idealizes and related disposable products and a major supplier of renal pharmaceuticals (Freshness Medical Care, n. D p. 1). Another important strength is the high quality standards on the services and products that the company provides. Weakness With the strength comes the weakness. A weakness is a limitation or deficiency in one or more of a firms resources or capabilities relative to its competitors that create a disadvantage in effectively meeting customer needs (Pearce II Robinson, 201 2, p. 151). The weakness that the company confronts with the new health care reform is the pharmaceutical capability. The pharmacy should be ready to serve hundreds Of thousands of people throughout the United States (Freshness Medical Care, n. D. , p. ) by 2016. Freshness has two pharmacies that provide services to more than 2,000 facilities. The prescription delivery time fluctuates between two days and two weeks, which gives advantage to the competitors. Another weakness that Freshness has is the pressure putting into the employees to meet the project deadlines. This pressure may cause work accidents, employees exhaustion or the reason for knowledgeable employees to move and work with the competitors. Competitive Position and Possibilities Competitive advantage is the companys unique skills and resources working to implement strategies that competitors cannot implement as effectively (Olsen, 2013, p. 1) Freshness Medical Care (FMC) has a competitive advantage position because the company keeps the vanguard on dialysis product innovation and quality of service. FMC is the major product provider of the competitors in United States as well. A strategic alliance between FMC and the competitors may help the industry to survive the new health care reform and the implications to dialysis treatment payments. This alliance may reduce the cost of the medications and improve customer service by delivering medications the same day of the prescription order. If an alliance s impossible, the knowledge, and experience in strategic planning that characterize Freshness, will lead the company to a new plan to keep profitability while doing business. Other possibilities may be open more pharmacies around the United States, and diversify the medications inventory. In this way Freshness will be able to fill any medication prescription to the patients as well as improve delivery time. Organizational Structure and Performance Organizational structure refers to the formalized arrangements of interaction between and responsibility for the tasks, people, and resources in n organization (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 321). Freshness Medical Care has a traditional matrix organizational structure in which functional and staff personnel are assigned to both a basic functional area and to a project or product manager (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 326). This type of structure helps large companies to concentrate in projects like the creation of strategic plan to meet the government health reform and meet the companys goal. Conclusion The external and internal environmental analysis brings information to Freshness Medical Care (FMC) that the company uses to strengthen the many and be aware of potential treats and opportunities. For example, the external remote environment factor that influences the companys structure is the new government health care reform or the Obama Care Law by changing the amount of payment per dialysis treatment. The external industry and operating environments analysis provide information about the competitors strategies in relation to the new regulations. Davit Dialysis Center represents FMC biggest competitor. Freshness strengths are experience, knowledge, innovation, biggest producer of dialysis materials, and high quality measures. Freshness nakedness are the pharmacy capability, deadlines, and pressure. Freshness uses the strength to improve pharmacy services; decrease employees work pressure, and maintain competitive, and profitable in the dialysis industry. Freshness organizational structure helps the company to meet the companys goals, mission, and mission. The matrix structure permits functional employees to work in special projects, perform a functional work, and meet the companys expectations. For example, Freshness has the Registered Dietitians working on FMC Rug (Companys pharmacy) enrollment project and performing regular dietitian job. The dietitian reports to the manager of operations as well as the Clinical Manager.

Andrew Jackson Essays (1182 words) - Andrew Jackson, Free Essays

Andrew Jackson Essays (1182 words) - Andrew Jackson, Free Essays Andrew Jackson Born to Irish immigrants on March 15, 1767, Andrew Jackson was to become the first "rags to riches" President the country had ever seen. He grew up in South Carolina and fought in the Revolutionary War at only thirteen. His entire immediate family, parents and siblings, died as a cause of the war, whether it was being killed in battle or death from disease. He went on to serve two terms as the seventh President of the U.S., leaving behind a legacy of administrative policy and even his own democratic philosophy. The Second Bank of the United States was founded in Philadelphia in 1816. It was mainly a Republican project and a response to the expiration of the First U.S. Bank's charter. It was created as a safe place for federal funds, and because state banks were seen as insufficient for handling financial needs. Currency differed by state, counterfeit money was everywhere, and state banks often issued notes without any gold or silver, the only trusted currency, to back them up. The bank was not met everywhere on friendly terms.. Maryland, in an effort to destroy the Baltimore branch, passed laws to heavily tax it, but the Supreme Court removed those laws, strengthening the central federal power. The Second Bank's charter expired during Jackson's administration in 1836. Most people were distrustful of the bank, as it had enormous power to ruin state banks and was basically unresponsive to the people's needs. It had powerful political influence also, and was completely controlled by one man, the President Nicholas Biddle. The rechartering was scheduled by the bank-influenced Congress to coincide with the 1832 Presidential campaign and election, in which Jackson would be running for a second term. The purpose was to gather up public pressure to have him pass the charter in order to gain reelection. However, Jackson was a bit more principled than that, and vetoed the bill. Congress was unable to override his veto. The rechartering then became Jackson's most important issue in running for President. He said it went further than just allowing a bank - it symbolized special privileges and economic power. The plan to give the bank influence over the entire country's government completely backfired as Jackson was reelected. He took proper steps to make sure the bank would never have the same powers or influence again. He took federal money out of the bank to distribute it in trustworthy state chartered banks. With no money to hold it up, the Second U.S. Bank collapsed and disappeared. With Jackson shutting down the bank, he showed his tolerance for the supreme power of the constitution and financially restricted government. One could go so far as to say that human rights were involved because Biddle gave the common people a hard time about loans and interest rates. Jackson was pushing for the people of this country! Indian Removal was Jackson's policy for making room for white settlers between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. The Indian culture was told to either assimilate or move west. Any formalized rituals became illegal, as did tribal councils or any Indian attempt to set laws for themselves, as they had in the past. They were now forced to abide by white laws and culture. Jackson was looking to expand commerce, population, and agriculture. He saw it in the west, a vast supply of land and economic improvement. His attitude towards the Indians can consistently enough be seen back in the War of 1812, as not only did he slaughter them in battle but stole the land of those who had fought with him. But he could tolerate the Indians, if they were civilized enough, so by giving the Indians individual rights to property he also gave them the basis for Western capitalism. His ideas on Indian Removal did become a legacy of administrative policy, at least for some time, after he left office. His successor, President Martin van Buren, removed thousands of Indians and pushed them westward. Those allowed to stay in their original homes were small, select groups such as the Iroquois Confederation in New York or those who agreed to abide by white law. Any of those who willfully went out west were promised land and financial

Interstate Agencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interstate Agencies - Essay Example However, is marred with controversy regarding their power position and role legitimacy. It proposes the need to explore the issue and reconcile the power position and legitimacy of the interstate agencies, and clear the air. The constitution provision, in this case, was written in 1787 and ratified in the subsequent year. Since then, the provision regulates the port’s administrative practices. The U.S. constitution is a combination of ideas and views from a significant number of American people and related document such as Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation (Peacock, 2008). Since the ratification of provisions in the constitution in 1787, there had been twenty seven amendments by 1992 (Evartt, 2003). Both groups engage in a debate until a common or general understanding is reached. The following is a verbatim derived from the articles in section 1regarding the establishment of the interstate agencies â€Å"Administrative agencies shall created by the federal Constitution, the U.S. Congress, state legislatures, and local lawmaking bodies to manage crises, redress serious social problems, or oversee complex matters of governmental concern beyond the expertise of legislators. †¦all legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, necessary-and-proper. †¦The Congress shall have power to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers †¦ in any Department or Officer thereof." The ratification of the provision can be described as that which was achieved in a constitutional and conventional manner. Furthermore, as can be inferred from the above verbatim of the constitution stipulation, the approach was well set in achieving desirable governance. Indeed, it is arguable that every participating party had the

The Causes of Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Causes of Stress - Essay Example Stress is a physical, emotional or mental factor that can cause pain and tension. There are different causes of stress and they need specialized understanding by either professional. Stress has been on an increased level compared to the late 90s. The causes of stress today are rather basic and close to everyone. It boils down to the daily life-related issues such as the economy, security, work hours and so on. Stress, however, leads to diseases that are in most cases protracted. These include hypertension and heart-related conditions  (Welch, 2009) There are different factors that have an effect on stress as different effects on the victims and also the people committing the offense. The west countries America and the UK have incurred a lot of cost putting up preventive measures so as to protect its citizens. Terrorism takes away people’s hope and feeling of security. It leaves them worried, in fear of the future. In the recent past, terrorism has grown worldwide (Fields 200 1). It is no longer wars against countries but terror from militia groups, who claim to seek justice, money, and power from the governments. Victims of the terrorist from the Muslim countries are the most affected and they include children and women. The causes always include lack of a breadwinner to lack of a parent that psychologically affects the children in the long run. They experience trauma for periods of time depending on the levels of shock. There are different types of victims; there are those who lose loved ones, those who witness the terror attack, those who survive the terror attack and those who hear about it first hand from close people. For example, in the September 2001 attack on the USA. Post-traumatic stress has been common for the ones who lost loved ones. They experience a dis-attachment to the real world. According to Fields, the victims of terror experience a great feeling of loss. Some may feel guilty as to why they survived the 2001 terror attack.  

Chocolate by Joanne Harris Essay Example for Free

Chocolate by Joanne Harris Essay If we were all to rebel against what weve always known to be accepted, if we were to completely ignore the teachings of our elders and do the things weve been taught to be evil and sinister, what would happen? This situation is one which occurs in a small and tranquil French town in the extract from Chocolat. Throughout the extract there are a variety of juxtapositions, polarizations, and much contrast building the subject. Joanne Harris creates a compelling story, but not without exaggerated or overstated situations. Through reading the extract and analyzing each significant line of literature, we are able to understand the narrator and the young girls character to a more advanced degree. In the extract, we first encounter Vianne with her daughter Anouk as they brave the harsh wind and settle into the new village. We came on the wind of the carnival. The quoted piece of literature displays the sly exotic wind, a rather unusual one for February. To some extent, the wind presents the characters of Vianne and Anouk as they are independent and wild, the same as the wind that brought in the carnival. Reminiscent of the carnival, the narrator and her daughter are very bright and lively which is ironic as they settled the grey village during the time of the carnival. This piece of text also shows polarization; Light vs. Dark and Lively vs. Dull, as well as contrast between the towns people and the carnival. The polarization of Lively vs. Dull can be seen in the extract through the mentioning of fanciful tales. A dragons head on a shield, Rapunzel in a woolen wig, a mermaid with a Cellophane tail, a gingerbread house all icing and gilded cardboard, a witch in the doorway. Seeing that most of us have matured with the impression that fairy tales are magic- blissful, bright and fantastic, as we read this passage we can see how Vianne trys to keep magic alive in Anouk as well as in herself. Their itinerant from town to town represents this burning flame; the magic she is striving to keep alive. Not only does Vianne attempt to keep magic flourishing in herself and Anouk, she also aids the parishioners. The extract is an enchanting brew of confections and humanity. Vianne, a shaman-like woman rides the North wind casting her spell of kindness to  those in need; she visits town after town seeking battles with those who would take advantage, and attempt to lord over other poor souls. Carrying on a tradition of lifting the spirits of the downtrodden, with her magical unrefined cocoa and special chili pepper in the form of delicious chocolates. This shows great contrast amongst Vianne and the villagers for the reason that, the personality of Vianne is much di fferent than that of each person in Lansquenet. We also notice this contrast out of the text through Her silk scarf fluttering at her throat; the child in yellow Wellingtons and sky blue mac. Their coloring marks them. Their clothes are exotic.. Unlike the towns people, Vianne is more insightful and exotic as well as observant but nevertheless logical. This is shown in ..knowledge is currency here.. and I feel their gaze As for Anouk, she is able to see beyond the truth. At first, we witness this during the carnival. But at six the world retains a special luster. Then, at the mentioning of a mermaid. ..a mermaid with a Cellophane tail.. She can still see the real witch, the real magic. Joanne Harris used a great juxtaposition here; magic vs. functionality. Not only does Joanne Harris use juxtapositions to build her subjects, she also employs contrast, polarization, connotations, sensuality/austerity (priest, villagers) plus flamboyant passages along with descriptive ones used to paint an image in the readers mind that appeals to our senses. For example, to appeal to our tastes Joanne Harris uses very descriptive words that are enough to make you drool. ..hot greasy scents of frying pancakes and sausages and powdery-sweet waffles.. This also creates wild images in the readers mind, tying in contrast amongst the carnival and towns people. The fact that Vianne arrives in town on the day of the carnival just prior to lent shows great significance- Contrast to people and village is Lively vs. Grey/Dull, which ironically is seen a lot throughout the passage. The carnival also acts as a connecting thread though means of a new beginning. More precisely, a new beginning between Vianne and the villagers; almost like a float. In addition, the carnival sets mood and personality; the fact that everything is not always as is seen, especially when it comes to Religion where the church is a means of control. This control is used as a juxtaposition, repression, and emphasis throughout the movie as well as the passage. All the factors mentioned in the essay; character, language, connections, significance, tie in to create the  subject. The subject of how the towns people judge Vianne and Anouk which then leads to tolerance- how the author creates the subject.

Looking At Little Kids Halloween Costumes Religion Essay

Looking At Little Kids Halloween Costumes Religion Essay Kids Halloween Costumes are outfits worn on the end of the month of October, i.e. on a day known as the Halloween. Its a modern day holiday that originated in the  Celtic Pagan  holiday of  Samhain which is during the Christian times, the eve of all saints day. Costumes  are also worn on this festival in an attempt to appease the  Devil.  Dressing up in costumes was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween in the nineteenth century and  Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early nineteenths. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the nineteen thirties, when  trick or treating  became popular in North America. Kids Halloween Costumes are distinguished from costumes of other celebrations because they are often designed to imitate supernatural and scary beings such as those of monsters like ghosts, snakes, witches, skeletons and devils. There are also Kids Halloween Costumes of pop culture figures like presidents, athletes, and television, cartoon and celebrity characters. A popular trend is for the children to use Halloween dresses in order to appear unique and scary so they can draw attention of the people around them. According to the history, Halloween Costumes Parties generally fall on the thirty first of October yearly, particularly on the Friday or the Saturdays. Similarly this very costume is related to kids fun days, like for the birthdays, weddings, movies and so on, as these functions fall on weekends. The most popular Halloween costumes for kids in the year 2009 were Kate  and  Jon  Gosselin from the Jon and Kate plus 8. Today kids Halloween costumes are largely distributed by the JustkidCostumes.com. The company offers a variety of kids Halloween costumes such as kids birthday kits, Spiderman costumes, shoe and even lady bag Costumes. Pirate Costumes: Easiest way of becoming a pirate Pirate Costumes are among the hottest outfits for the kids around the globe. Kids can now dress just like one of their favorite television heroes. Halloween Pirate Costumes are all the rage with both girls and boys of all ages. This is due to the highly entertaining box office hits, such as the Master and Commander by Russell Crowe and the Caribbean by Johnny Depp. These costumes have also popularized due to the discovery of famous ship pirates, including the Whydah and the Queen Annes Revenge. Halloween Pirate Costumes hold a great appeal to all the children. Some Exciting Teen Costume Ideas Teenagers are particularly pretty when it comes to the choice of Halloween Costumes. They like unique, modern and distinguished costumes when compared to the rest. Most of them have come up with ideas for making their costumes. A great teen costume idea can be to design a gift; take a cardboard box, one that would fit the person nicely, it should be above the knees to enable the person to walk properly, make holes for arms and for the head. Then cover the box with the wrapping paper, and finally add bows to dress up the package. Add a bow on the top of the head along with a tag that says Gods gift to men, if the character is a woman. Red Tainted Teeth with Blood, Huge Scary Nails and a Children Halloween Costume Halloweens are generally people with supernatural powers who are generally personified with a film visual or a cartoon series. Children are easy targets and are easily swiped off their feet to look like these supernatural beings. One of the easiest ways to resemble them is by wearing children Halloween costumes which are identical to the ones that they are wearing on screen. A frightful smile, red teeth tainted with blood, the lightening in the eyes and the powers to possess beings are often some of the characters of Halloween. Black is mostly associated with these beings, it being the colour depicting dark and bad. Most of the Halloween costumes that you would probably find in the market are black in colour viz., the Dracula gown, the wolf, or the spirit with white bones painted all over the dress. Children Halloween Costumes are seen during night parties or fancy dress competitions. One of the upcoming costumes in this league is the costume of the joker; a violet colour suit accompanied with the make-up of an ephemeral smile on your face. If we say that only villains dresses could be categorised under this category then we would be making a big mistake. The dress of the batman or superman could also be called a Halloween costume and is much lovable amongst children. Reveal That Extra Skin You Cannot Otherwise with the Cosplay Costumes Cosplay as is indicative of the name means playing with the costumes. Children and playing can never be distinguished from each other. Dressing up like the favourite cartoon character, or another fiction hero from a fairy tale could be just another recreation activity famous amongst the young ones. Be it the costume of the powerful batman, superman or just another character from a movie or games, there are different occasions which ask for such preparations, where people have to be dressed up like others. One of the things that could be understood from such gatherings is that, people want to try and imitate people who are strong, and the other thing can be as all of us are dressed up like different people we dont have monopoly, since nobody is rich or poor, all the birds belong to the same flock. Often such costumes are worn to reveal that extra skin, which could be socially unacceptable otherwise in the real world. Cosplay costumes are not only the clothes but are also accompanied by another props which lend a different statement altogether. A whip, a sword, a gun, or a stick with a star on its further end; which depicts the wishing sticks of an angel. Props are as necessary as are the costumes; some would even use a wig to make an innately different appearance. Black, White or Purple Kids Look Vibrantly Exclusive in the Kids Costumes The utmost happiness that a person can derive is certainly by watching their kids prosper and flourish as ever. These days the happiness is worth the standard of living of the family, which are closely relative to the kids costumes they wear. Be it a costume of a gentleman with a tuxedo and a bow or a dress with a large tail and magic stick in hand depicting an angel, the fancy clothes have always been the kids favourite. Somehow kids try to look like their elders or some fictitious character they just came past by on the television. The birth day parties and the fancy dress competitions have given an impetus for the kids costume industry. We can see most of them dressed like a cartoon hero lets say Popeye; or a person who makes the headlines, for instance, a politician. Children are the building blocks of the future generation and watching them dressed up like grown woman/man gives an undefined pleasure to the heart of the parents. This might be the case of the effluent sector, where parents can afford to buy a costume for their children for every occasion; we must not forget that there are some children who are readily suspended from the bare clothing necessities. Little Devils Covered In Infant Halloween Costumes In the last few years we have seen that infant Halloween costumes have become so popular in our society. We see babies wearing different kind of fascinating costumes on different get-togethers, parties and on major events through out the year. It has even become a tradition that parents want to dress up their children as impressively as they can. Moreover, it has become a status symbol in the society these days. Considering different events, one of the popular events is Halloween. As all people dress up for that particular day, how could one forget their little babies for that day? The most popular way to dress up your baby for the Halloween is to follow the cartoons theme. And thats what the majority of the people do. Lion king, Superman, Cinderella, Snow White, Disney princess and Batman are the most famous costumes among this age. In dressing up their babies, parents do lookup at the fact that their babies feel comfortable and easy in that particular infant Halloween costume and it should be according to seasonal requirements. And it should be easy to open in case of needing to change a baby. Although it looks somewhat expensive but your baby can enjoy it throughout the year where as taking baby for amusement to somewhere only lasts for a limited time. Future Warriors with Katanas and Ninja Costumes Recently, we have noticed that people tend to care a lot about their costumes. People from all age groups have become conscious of their dressing. It has become a tradition to dress impressively for the events throughout the year. It has even become a status symbol in the society these days. One of the major events is the Halloween. Dressing for this event differs across different age groups. Ninja costumes are one of the most popular Halloween costumes every year during Halloween-time Basically ninjas are the staple of popular culture and its fun to dress up in ninja costume for the Halloween. It does throw a scary impact on the other people present. These costumes also differ according to the prices, from a cheaper one to the most expensive one however. Usually teenager boys end up wearing these types of costumes. It has its origin from Japanese culture, and thats what we can see it in cartoons and more specifically the videogames like Shinobi etc. So this event provides a good chance for these videogame fanatics to show their love for that particular character. This particular costume includes black costume, ninja tabbi socks rubber ninja stars. Rest it depends on a person how much he can afford. Desire of Every Child: A Teen Halloween Costume Teenage is that stage of the life when looking cool and gaining others attention is considered vital in ones life. This is more like the party of life. Everybody starts getting freedom from their parents and they do like to engage themselves in fascinating activities. From boys to girls, everybody likes to party hard and become the centre of attention. It is at this phase of life when one goes through different physical and emotional changes and develops special feelings for the opposite sex. So wearing teen Halloween costumes on fancy events seems to have gained momentum now. On Halloween, teenagers have a variety of options to choose from when looking for a teen Halloween costume that is hip and cool, many of which involve a favorite character from a movie, graphic novel or cartoon. They actually want to choose that costume which no one else could wear on a Halloween party. Being unique is the motive of teenagers for getting attention. Usually boys end up wearing scary costumes whereas girls prefer somewhat sexy costumes for that party. Keeping all things aside, one does keep in mind before wearing it that it should be comfortable and easy to wear.

Literary Analysis Night by Elie Wiesel

At first before he got deported from his home, Slight In Transylvania. He was an Innocent young boy who studied the Talmud â€Å"Hilled and Bea helped them with the work. As for me, they said my place was In school† (2). Since he was able to be sent to school by his family and have the chance to learn that shows that he was from a well off family. But once he entered the concentration camp, unaware of the terrors he was going to face, changed his life completely â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed (32)†.The life changing experiences that Lie went through in the concentration camps scarred him for life. The burning of the little children and their mothers affected him in such a way that it would stay with him for the rest of his life. Ell also turns from religious to loss of faith. When he was still in his hometown he studied the Talmud â€Å"l was twelve. I believed profoundly. During the day I studied the Talmud, and at night I ran to the synagogue to weep over the destruction of the .This shows that he was dedicated to his religion and believed in God. He came from a religious family that taught him to praise God and show great respect towards Him. But when he was put in the concentration camp he lost his faith in God â€Å"For the first time, I felt revolt rise up in me, Why should I bless His name? † (31). For the first time Lie stood up to his religion and rebelled. The horrible things he saw in the concentration camps shocked him and angered him; How could his god let these things happen?Before he went to the concentration camps, such a thought wouldn't Ross his mind. He was loyal to his god and to his religion, until the dreaded day he entered the camp. Towards the end of the story, Ell shows no concern of death lingering In the air. He turns from caring into Indifferent. When his father was coming towards the end of h is life he did everything In his power to keep him alive, â€Å"Like a wild beast, I cleared a way for myself to the coffee cauldron, and I managed to carry back a cupful† (101).He tried giving his father anything that would help him get better, and took It back to IM, After his father's death nothing mattered to him anymore, It was as If he had lost everything he had fought for â€Å"I had to stay at Buchwald until April eleventh. I have nothing to say of my life during this period. It no longer mattered. After my father's death, nothing could touch me any more. † (107)All his cares and wants Oligopolies rater Nils Tanner Ana let nil He Llano's even tank AT Nils parents or AT ones he lost. Even when he was rescued he felt no Joy or relief, he felt indifferent.The settings in Night help readers to understand each character and what they present. Lie turns from innocent to haunted by being taken away from a secure community and being but into a completely different and horrible environment. He also turns from religious to loss of faith by forced to believe that his god would tolerate such an inhumane act and everyone in the world was indifferent towards what was happening in the concentration camps. Lastly he turns from caring to indifferent after his father passes away. Nothing mattered to him anymore as if he had lost everything he fought for.

Developmental Psych Papere

The study of the psychological development in children has been an ongoing endeavor.   Renowned theorist, Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic stage of psychological development focusing on the psychosexual development of individuals.   Erikson developed his own theory of development which spanned over one’s lifetime.   Psychological development has stirred arguments in theory from biological theorists and environmental theorists as well.Despite the uncompromised viewpoints from psychological, biological, and environmental theorists, children continue to be born, grow, and become adults without a definitive explanation to their development.   There exists the lingering question as to why some children grow and develop serious psychological disorders and learning dysfunctions when compared to other children who are devoid of any dysfunction.BackgroundAt first view, Adam is a rambunctious typical 8 year old boy.   It is noticeable that his attention span is comprom ised as he is unable to remain focused on one activity for any given length of time.   His parents, Jason and Alexis, explained that Adam was born via Caesarean section after forty-two prolonged hours of labor. A second child was born, a girl, later the following year.   At the age of 2, his parents noticed that he seemed too eager and full of energy.   After a trip to the pediatrician, they were assured that this was typical behavior for a 2 year old boy.Up to the age of 4, his parents became more distraught with their inability to control his behaviors.   By this point, Adam was sleeping three hours per night, had gotten outside the family home by picking a lock with a butter knife, was physically abusing his younger sister, had broken his collar bone jumping off a Little Tyke car, re-broken the collar bone in the doctor’s office jumping off the exam table despite the doctor’s efforts to catch him, and his parents werePSYCHOLOGY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3sleeping in shifts in order to keep up with his hyperactivity (personal communication, May 15, 2010).   The family received reassurance from the pediatrician who indicated that it was a phase that Adam would soon outgrow.   It is clear that both Jason and Alexis were debating whether or not Adam’s behavior was an individual difference or an abnormal behavior, but one could also suggest the possibility of the issues with Adam being related to a nature versus nurture conflict (Berryman, et al, 2002)AnalysisD iagnosisWhen Adam was 6, his parents contacted a Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist after exhausting every other known resource and outlet, including school counselors and the family pediatrician.   Adam was put through a series of developmental, biological, and psychological tests.   The psychiatrist met with the parents two-weeks following the testing phase.   It was determined that Adam was suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder I.   While Jason and Alexis admit that they were horrified by the diagnoses, they have stated that they were equally relieved to finally have a name for what was wrong with their son (personal communication, May 15, 2010).The Diagnostics and Statistics Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition, (DSM-IV-TR) defines ADHD as being a condition often present in children indicated by behaviors and mannerisms inconsistent with the child’s developmental age (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).   Specific symptoms include restlessness, driven mood, excessive talking, distractible, and an inability to remain focused.   The American Psychiatric Association (APA) notes that learning disabilities are frequent with the diagnosis of ADHD (APA, 1994).   The diagnosis of BipolarPSYCHOLOGY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4Disorder I indicates that episodes of mania are or have existed in the patient.   Bipolar Disorder is defined as severe mood swings associated with elated happiness, or mania, in contrast to extre me depression, or periods of sadness (APA, 1994).TreatmentTreating both of these conditions in a child requires consistency and encouragement from the family.   From a pharmacological standpoint, these conditions are being treated with Clonodine and Depekote.   Family and cognitive therapies have been incorporated into the family’s routine.   Lab tests, blood work, are performed bi-weekly as the level of Depekote must be monitored so that it does not become toxic.   In reference to Adam’s learning disability, he is enrolled in special education classes in a public elementary school.   To date, Adam seems well adjusted and fully cooperative in taking his daily medications.   Alexis indicated that his individual therapy has helped him to recognize periods where he has become too active, whereby Adam will indicate that he needs some alone time to calm down (personal communication, May 15, 2010).DiscussionThe prognosis for these types of conditions in children is uncertain.   Years ago, a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in a child was unheard of, and it would seem to be more congruent with a Conduct Disorder.   Times are changing as is developmental psychology.   The origin of these conditions is not definite.   Alexis wonders if there was oxygen deprivation during labor which may have contributed to Adam’s disorders, but there is not a clear or concise medical opinion to assert this to fact (personal communication, May 15, 2010).   There are still questions as to whether or not either of these conditions may be hereditary, despite the fact that neitherPSYCHOLOGY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5Jason nor Alexis have any family members with either condition.   With regard to the abnormal behavior exhibited by Adam; there exists a name for the psychological dysfunction.   In relation to Adam as an individual, it is obvious that he does have specific differences than that of other children his own age.   It is still a battle and argument to be had with regard to developmental psychologists and theorists.ConclusionJason and Alexis continue to live and function with the knowledge that their son has been diagnosed with two disorders requiring constant monitoring and care.   In lieu of these conditions, they still manage to do things as any other family does.   They have a family in which one child has special needs.   For them, these needs have become the norm, even though society views these obstacles as an intrusion and inconveni ence.   Developmental psychology is a study of the ways in which one goes from being a dependent infant to a self-sufficient adult.   There are a variety of ways that each individual will accomplish such a task.   There does not appear to be any one definition by which each person grows and develops thoughts, mental processes, or abilities.   Each person simply grows by learning and adapting in order to survive.   The field of developmental psychology has much work and research ahead of itself, but it has already made great strides with regard to how society has gotten where it is.

Why were Lewis and Clark Ever Hungry Or How Can You Starve in a Sushi Bar

Why were Lewis and Clark Ever Hungry Or How Can You Starve in a Sushi Bar How Can You Starve in a Sushi Bar? The Lewis and Clark expedition had access to an abundance of fish. These fish would make many modern eaters envious. They also could see how the Native Americans survived and thrived on the diet of fish and roots. However, they were not able to enjoy or benefit from this diet and complained about it. This was like starving in the middle of a grocery store. Their preference for familiar tastes and textures may have led them to ignore or not take advantage of a useful resource.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why were Lewis and Clark Ever Hungry? Or How Can You Starve in a Sushi Bar? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They were able to catch fish almost everywhere, as many as, â€Å"318 of different kind† on the Missouri River. This was with a willow and bark drag[1], not even using their supply of fishing hooks. They even encountered salmon spawning runs at both their beginning and end. In what is today Idaho, they saw that, â€Å"The number of dead salmon on the shores floating in the water is incrediable to say.†[2] Later, on the Columbia River, they were there for the start of the salmon run, which caused, â€Å"great joy with the natives†[3]. They had many opportunities to observe Native Americans preparation and serving of all this fish. The Native Americans were surviving everywhere. Some fish was dried, as in Idaho, or boiled in a basket while still somewhat fresh[4]. Somehow, this diet made the local women, â€Å"corpulent†[5], or fat. Some of the fish bought from the Native Americans was pounded , as for example, their Christmas 1805 dinner, which, â€Å" concisted of pore elk,†¦Some spoiled pounded fish and a few roots.†[6] They were around enough salmon to make a modern sushi chef happy, they complained of eating fish. On their way back through Idaho, they even turned down what seems to have been a gift of dried salmon trout and roots. Lewis worried it could make the men sick[7]. However, the local Native Americans, the Nez Perce, obviously ate these things with no trouble. It seems likely that it was something other than the fish/roots themselves that caused trouble. For example, maybe they should have eaten the whole variety of things the locals ate.[8] The Native American tribes lived successfully on fish/roots. Why couldn’t the expedition do the same? The problem could have been the attitude of some of them[9]. Maybe it was what they did, or did not, eat along with these fish and roots. Either way, it is clear that they need not have gone hungry, since there was food all around them. This may be similar to the way that an international student feels when there is nothing familiar to eat, hungry in the middle of the college cafeteria! Reference Jones, Landon Y. The Essential Lewis and Clark. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2000.Advertising Looking for essay on his tory? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Footnotes Jones, Landon Y. The Essential Lewis and Clark. HarperCollins Publishers. 2000. Page 7. August 15, 1804 Jones, Page 116. October 17, 1805. Jones, Page 149, April 19, 1806. Jones, Page 116, October 17,1805. Ibid. Jones, Page 128. December 25, 1805 Jones, Page 154-155. May 10, 1806 Jones, Page 92-93. August 16, 1805 One possibility is that they avoided the fatty organ meats the Native Americans enjoyed so much in the following quote from Montana:when they arrived where the deer was which was in view of me they dismounted and ran in tumbling over each other like a parcel of famished dogs each seizing and tearing away a part of the intestens which had been previously thrown out by Drewyer who killed it; the seen was such when I arrived that had I not have had a pretty keen appetite myself I am confident I should not have taisted any part of the venison shortly.   Ã‚   each one h ad a peice of some discription and all eating most ravenously.   Ã‚   some were eating the kidnies the melt [1] and liver and the blood runing from the corners of their mouths, others were in a similar situation with the paunch and guts but the exuding substance in this case from their lips was of a different discription.   Ã‚   one of the last who attacted my attention particularly had been fortunate in his allotment or reather active in the division, he had provided himself with about nine feet of the small guts one end of which he was chewing on while with his hands he was squezzing the contents out at the other. I really did not untill now think that human nature ever presented itself in a shape so nearly allyed to the brute creation. I viewed these poor starved divils with pity and compassion. I directed McNeal to skin the deer and reserved a quarter, the ballance I gave the Chief to be divided among his people; they devoured the whole of it nearly without cooking. I now bo ar obliquely to the left in order to interscept the creek where there was some brush to make a fire, and arrived at this stream where Drewyer had killed a second deer; here nearly the same seene was encored. A fire being kindled we cooked and eat and gave the ballance of the two deer to the Indians who eat the whole of them even to the soft parts of the hoofs. Drewyer joined us at breakfast with a third deer. Jones, Page 130-131. Lewis misses fat meat and salt more than bread. Clark does not miss salt. They clearly have strong preferences, even in the wilderness.

Poor Working Conditions essays

Poor Working Conditions essays POOR WORKING CONDITIONS IN CANADA AT TURN OF CENTURY What was life like of a Canadian worker like at the turn of the century? Try to place yourself back in time as your life as a worker would have been quite different from what it is today. In 1900, Canada consisted of only six provinces. Most Canadians lived on farms. Many young people left school early as they were required on the farms. In the city, their wages helped pay for the family's food and rent. The cities were starting to grow. Factories and stores thrived. People found several jobs in construction and manufacturing. People tended to marry young and start raising families early. Adult responsibilities came quickly. As well, Canada began to receive waves of immigrants, many of whom chose to settle and develop the vast stretches of the fertile. But in reality, life in the 1900's was depressing and was an era filled with extreme hard and strenuous work that didn't offer any future for the average Canadian in doing better. If you were an average wage earner, you would be virtu ally stuck in the same job for the rest of your life, while the rich maintained their wealth mainly caused by low taxes. Most people earned their living through the sweat of their brow. The hours were long, salaries were low and living conditions were poor for the average Canadian and even worse for the arriving immigrants. The experiences of the farm workers were the most harrowing. Work on farms meant long hours of labor, six days straight with hardly a moments rest. The typical working day started at 6:00am and ended at 6:00pm, except in the summer when laborers were expected to work until sundown as late at 10:00pm. At the turn of the 20th Century, Canadian men and women demanded social, political and economic change as the country underwent the greatest transformation in its history. In the cities, business was booming but social injustice accompanied rising industrialization. There were a few p ...

Second Amendment and Gun Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Second Amendment and Gun Laws - Research Paper Example On the other hand, there are those who believe that in accordance to the second amendment of the American constitution individuals should be allowed to own a gun so that they can protect the their lives if it comes to that (Gerber, 2011). To be able to critically look at the issue, the best way to look at arguments is from both sides. Nevertheless, it is apparent that it is better to have a gun and not need it than to need a gun and not have it. Those who argue that civilians should not be allowed to own a gun argue that guns are likely to be abused by individuals who mean harm to other people. They argue that, if individuals are allowed to own firearms and keep these guns in their homes, criminals can steal these guns and cause harm to the owners or even other people outside the family. If this happens, it would mean that allowing people to legally own guns would lead to criminals easily accessing guns. While this argument looks very valid and solid, there are a number of issues whi ch are overlooked (Gerber, 2011). First, this argument is made in the assumption that criminals don’t have access to guns already. As Ayoob (201) truth is that even if law abiding citizens are denied the right to own a gun, the criminals will still be able to access the guns and continual to harm law abiding citizens who are helpless because they cannot defend themselves. For a long time, the government has failed to cramp down on illegal firearms dealers, and this has mean that criminals have arms. In other words, the government has hugely failed to protect the lives of people especially those of law abiding citizens. Every day, incidents of home burglary cases in which the victims get harmed sometimes to the extent of losing their lives happen across the United States. In this case, the individuals should be able to be given the right to protect themselves. Even with all the effort that the police departments in the United States have made to make sure that individuals are well protected, the fact of the matter is that crime still happens in cases where the police are not able to protect the victims. Denying people the right to legally own a firearm can be seen as a major violation of human rights especially in the light of the fact that the government is not able to offer personalised protection of each and every human being in the states (Gonzales, 2007). Unless the government is able to either completely curb out illegal guns or to deliver personalised security for every individual, then every individual should be given the right to own a firearm to protect themselves and their families. The other argument, which has been forwarded by those who oppose the right for civilians to own a firearm, is that the firearm can be used in the family to hurt other family members. Like most other arguments regarding the right to own a firearm, this argument is misguided and misadvised (Thompson, 2011). The reason for this is the fact that the chance of a gun bei ng stolen by a criminal or being used by a family member to hurt another member is much smaller than the chance that the individual will be able to safely keep the gun and use it to protect their lives and those of their lives. This argument is based on the argument that some owners will be careless with firearms, and this may lead to harms done. In fact, as Halbrook (2012) says, opponents of the second amendment provisions argue that if people are allowed to have guns in their houses, they are more likely to cause harm within their households than they are to protect the same family with the fire arms. They argue that most families who have guns in their house end up having one member of the family harming another member of the family with the gun. This argument again is misleading because

Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Nike - Essay Example Nike’s quest to become a global sports leader has fuelled the remarkable move to the more innovative digital marketing. The digital campaigns on the social media such as Facebook have enabled Nike to popularise the FuelBand among the target consumers. The social media has enabled Nike to communicate constantly with the customers. The Nike + FuelBand Community on the Facebook send messages of motivation to the users to acquire the FuelBand (Guarda). In effect, the digital and social marketing has facilitated the collection of information regarding consumer’s preferences, as well as choices. Nike has maintained consistency in its quest to communicate constantly with the customers in the social media, and position the FuelBand in the market. The company engages with the consumers and receives important feedback about the product. In effect, Nike has created a strong relationship with the consumers through the digital and social marketing strategies for long-term engagement (Guarda). The social media is an integral part of the business cycle, and Nike has seized the opportunity as it endeavours to position itself as a global sports leader by understanding the needs of the customers. Guarda, Dinis. Nike Takes Digital Data and Social Media Marketing Seriously. Web. 22nd Nov. 2014

Environmental factors of substance abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental factors of substance abuse - Essay Example But, unfortunately, this relief in pain is only temporary and in the long run the habit deepens the sense of suffering and pain than ever before. In this context, all individuals who were brought up in dysfunctional family environments are susceptible to addiction. Hence, the first environmental factor is the dysfunctional family of the person. In the case of Ellis, we learn that his father use to return home drunk and beat up Ellis’ mom or sometimes Ellis himself. This is a telling sign of chaos in the family and this is a significant environmental factor that leads to Ellis’s addiction to Heroin. The fact that Ellis started experimenting with alcohol and marijuana even before reaching his teens is a strong indicator that he will have problems in his adult life. And sure enough, a couple of years after the death of his father, his old habits had come to haunt him, this time in the form of heroin addiction. It is a recurrent pattern with most heroin addicts that they seek out drugs very early in life. Recent research suggests that alongside environmental factors, genetic factors also have a role to play. But the consensus among researchers is that social and environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in determining the vulnerability of an individual to succumb to substance addiction. Researchers also concur on the view that those with genetic predisposition to drug abuse and growing up in a dysfunctional family environment run a very high risk of addiction. It was also found that people living in violent and lawless neighborhoods have a greater chance of heroin addiction. This implicitly means that the socio-economic status is a strong environmental factor in assessing risk for heroin abuse. The therapeutic approaches to treating heroin addiction have proven quite successful. Since the addicts developed their addiction as a result of flawed conceptions of guilt, reward and

Communication Case Essay Example for Free

Communication Case Essay Communication allows ideas to be conveyed clearly and succinctly. Communication is crucial for developing positive relationships with children, young people and their families, colleagues and other professionals We communicate to express our emotions like courage or fear, joy or sorrow, satisfaction or disappointment with appropriate gestures and words. Communication is vital for seeking and providing information. AiiDescribe TWO ways how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carer’s, colleagues and other practitioners. 1. Effective communication is the basis of all relationship regardless of whether the relationship is professional or personal. It is important as it helps to give concise and clear information and eliminate the possibility of risks to patients. 2. Also with effective communication there would be a positive atmosphere within the work place and colleagues would be more willing to help each other out. Staff would know where everything is and also offer extra support with your workload. AiiiIdentify THREE ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effective it is at establishing the needs of the individual. Method How effective this method is? Looking through previous records Previous records can identify the individual’s illness or disability and what kind of support they will need to establish communication and language needs. Observation Observation is effective as it is establishing the communication and language by watching/talking to the patient themselves. Communication with family/other professionals Family, friends and other professional who have worked/lived with the patient will have a lot on information/knowledge on the patient. They would have developed ways of dealing with the patient’s communication and language over a long time. AivDescribe THREE factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Disabilities: Disabilities such as hearing loss, impaired vision, mobility problems or speech impairment can affect the effective communication. Proper communication method should be known before communicating the people with disability or different health issues. Cultural Differences: Communication differences can result from differences in culture. In some cultures, children are not allowed to speak in front of adult and some kind of body gesture, eye contact, facial expression and touch are inappropriate. Environment: Environment is one of the most important factors to consider. Ensure the lights, air, temperature, noise and that it is safe and comfortable for the patient before establishing effective communication. AvDescribe THREE verbal and THREE non-verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in an adult setting. Verbal Non Verbal Spoken When people speak face-to-face or via the phone its considered verbal communication Body language/Body movements Body movements include gestures, posture, head and hand movements or whole body movements Written writing is considered a form of verbal communication because words are involved. Eye contact – It is important to give eye contact as it helps the person know that you are listening Non-spoken A person doesnt have to speak words for a communication to be considered verbal. A groan can qualify. In fact, any noises or utterances a person makes are included in this classification. Posture Posture can reflect peoples emotions, attitudes and intentions. Avi Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication. It is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication because it shows you are actively taking part in a conversation. It also shows that you are listening. With no listening there really isnt a conversation happening. If you are listening passively, then you are giving little or no feedback. If you are like this, then you are unlikely to make coherent responses. Avii Explain how an individual’s background can influence their communication methods. An individual’s background can influence their communication methods by the way in which they are brought up and the society and culture that they live in has a great effect on the way in which they communicate. In some cultures children are not allowed to speak in the presence of certain adults. Some people may have been brought up in a background of challenging environments. Some women do not speak in front of other men out of family. These factors will highly influence the way they communicate and to establish communication with these groups of people. Also there may be a language barrier which would influence communication methods. Aviii Identify three examples of barriers to communication and explain how you could overcome each barrier. Barrier How it can over come Language differences You can overcome this by identifying the preferred communication method and using the appropriate method to communicate. Culture differences You can overcome this by providing an interpreter or translator service. Using makaton, body language and pictures etc. Physical Barrier You could overcome this by checking the individual’s record, speaking to a family member or friends or through the country’s cultural representative. Aix Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstandings. 1. Be polite and ask kindly in a calm professional manner. 2. Writing instructions clearly and concisely. Ask the them to repeat what I have said to ensure clear understanding. AxA social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or services that may be helpful. Translation services This service can help with changing the written text from one language to another. Interpreting services This service can help with converting spoken language to another language. Speech and language services This service can support people who have had a stroke and have problems with their speech. Advocacy services This service can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service tries to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf.

Essay --

â€Å"No one comes home from war unchanged. But with early screening and adequate access to counseling, the psychological and neurological effects of combat are treatable.† (Williamson & Mulhall). Deployments to war zones change service members and their families. Some of the changes are positive and some combat experiences can be traumatic and leave a long-lasting emotional wound. Exposure to traumatic combat and operational experiences affects service members and veterans spiritually, psychologically, biologically, and socially. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and major depression are increasingly recognized and potentially preventable conditions. Certain factors, especially the severity of the trauma, obvious lack of social support and disconnection have been associated with its development. A recent study found U.S. veteran suicide rates are as high as 5,000 a year. Nearly 20 percent of military service members who have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan, have reported symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder or major depression, yet only slight more than half have sought out treatment, according to a new RAND Corporation study. In addition, researchers found about 19 percent of returning service members report that they experienced a possible traumatic brain injury while deployed. (Williamson & Mulhall) In military veterans and service members, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal thoughts are a problematic and common issue that has become closely linked to one another. If these illnesses are causing a mental issue with our military personnel, why are they less likely to seek out care? Many service members do not seek treatment for psychological illnesses bec... ...when it came to the topics that were being discussed, such as the injures they experience, the process and what the service members undergo in the home front that may be some potential triggers. The article is very detailed and it is a good recommendation for my fellow classmates to read, as it provides knowledge and awareness on this topic. Our military personnel and veteran clients remind us every day that extensive resources are needed to provide an equal playing field in the mental health care system, that we have much more to learn, and that the more we understand the illness in veterans and personnel, the more we can do to reduce their suffering. References Williamson, V., & Mulhall, E. (n.d.). Invisible Wounds: Psychological and Neurological Injuries Confront a New Generation of Veterans. Retrieved from http://iava.org/files/IAVA_invisible_wounds_0.pdf

Analysis of Middle Range Nursing Theory Essay

Complex physiological changes during pregnancy have a significant impact on almost every organ on the body system including the oral cavity — these changes are due to hormonal changes. Estrogen causes increased blood flow to the oral cavity, making the gums friable and easy to bleed, contributing to gingivitis. Pregnancy-associated gingivitis is highly prevalent. It affects approximately 30%-75% of pregnant women and resolves after delivery. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy can also increase the risk of extensive erosion (Varney, Kriebs, & Gegor, 2004; Barak, Oettinger, Machetie, Peled, & Ohel, 2003). In addition, changes in diet, such as increased consumption of carbohydrates, increased acid from vomiting, and changes in oral hygiene may increase the risk of tooth decay during pregnancy (Russel & Mayberry, 2008). Current research and evidence shows the importance of maintaining good oral health during pregnancy. Evidence supports that periodontal infections during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes such as premature deliveries, low birth weight, still birth, miscarriage, and pre-eclampsia (Russell & Mayberry, 2008; Jeffcoat, Geurs, Reddy, Cliver, Goldenberg & Hauth, 2001). Preterm birth is a significant public health problem, as the prematurity rate at in the United States was 12.7% in 2007. Preliminary data for 2008 indicates a slight decline to about 12.3% (Martin, Hamilton, Sutton, Ventura, Mathews, Kirmeyer, & Osterman, 2010). Behrman & Butler (2007) reported that annual societal preterm births cost more than $26.2 billion in 2005, or $51,600 per infant born preterm, including maternal delivery, medical care, early intervention services, and loss of household and labor market productivity. As a midwife, one main goal during antenatal care is to improve pregnancy outcomes. Part of this can be accomplished is by promoting oral health care and healthy  behaviors. It is important to provide oral health education before and during the current pregnancy, as well as educate our clients about the association between poor maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, we must encourage them to see a dentist during pregnancy. Theory To choose a theory to apply to the practice problem, relevant theories must be critically evaluated based on a set of criteria. The author used the three questions posed by Fawcett and Associates (1992) as described by Kenny (2006): â€Å"(1) Does the theory or model address the client problems and health concerns?; (2) Are the nursing interventions suggested by the model consistent with client’s expectations for nursing care?; and (3) Are the goals of nursing actions, based on the model or theory, congruent with the client’s desired health outcomes?† (Kenny, 2006, p.305). Several middle range theories can be used and applied to maximize oral health during pregnancy, as well as the prevention of adverse outcome related to oral problems. The Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior focuses on and explores the relationship between behavior and beliefs, as well as attitudes and intention (Montano & Kasprzyk, 2008). The Diffusion of Innovations Theory has been used to study the adoption of health behaviors and programs (Tiffany & Lutjens, 1998). The Precaution Adoption Process Model has been applied to behaviors which require deliberate action and initiating new behaviors (Weinstein, Sandman, & Blalock, 2002). The Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change are used to guide the individual through the stages of change to action and maintenance (Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 2002). The Health Belief Model is used to predict and explain health behaviors and promote individuals in engaging health behavior (Champion & Stretcher & Janz, 2002). The best theory that fits this practice problem and author’s values and beliefs about client, health and nursing practice is Health Belief Model. Health Belief Model The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed by a group of social psychologists at the U.S. Public Health Service in the 1950s in an attempt to understand â€Å"the widespread failure of people to participate in programs to prevent and detect disease.† It was later applied to patient responses to  symptoms and to compliance with prescribed medical regimens (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p. 46). The HBM has four major constructs: Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, and perceived barriers. The model has been expanded to include cues to action and self efficacy (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002). ‘‘Perceived susceptibility† refers to â€Å"one’s subjective perception of the risk of contracting a health condition.† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). â€Å"Perceived severity† refers to â€Å"feelings concerning the seriousness of contracting an illness or of leaving it untreated includes evaluations of both medical and clinical consequences (death, disability and pain) and possible social consequences (such as effects of the conditions on work, family life, and social relations).† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). â€Å"Perceived benefits† are beliefs and opinions of the value regarding the effectiveness of the various actions available in reducing the disease threat.† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). â€Å"Perceive barrier† is a person’s perception of both the difficulties in performing the specific behaviors of interest and the negative things that could happen from performing those behaviors.† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.49). â€Å"Cues to action are strategies to activate the one’s readiness.† And finally, â€Å"self efficacy† is â€Å"one’s confidence in one’s ability to take action.† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.49). The Health Belief Model is one of the conceptual frameworks for understanding health behavior. Also, the HBM is used for explaining and predicting acceptance and adherence to medical care recommendations (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002). The Model hypothesis â€Å"that an individual’s decision to change behavior is determined by two elements: (1) One’s perception of a threat to personal health which is determined by two underlying belief, namely perceived susceptibility of the disease and the perceived severity and seriousness of the disease. And (2) Ones perception of the efficacy of treatment proposed to reduce the threat†. (Ramseier, Suvan, 2010). This theory is indicated as a mid-range theory because it is narrow in scope, less abstract, and more applicable directly to practice for explanation and implementation. The early applications of HBM were focused on tuberculosis screening test, and then MBM extended to lifestyle behavioral changes such as condoms use, obtaining vaccination against infectious disease such as  influenza vaccine (Baranowski, Cullen, Nicklas, Thompson, & Baranowski, 2003; Janz & Becker,1984). The HBM model also has been used on screening behaviors such as: mammography screening behaviors for detecting breast cancer, screening program for Tay Sachs disease, as well as in AIDS and high-risk behavior research (Janz & Becker, 1984) Plan for Practice Integration To initiate the use of the Health Belief Model in promoting and maximizing oral health during pregnancy, we might begin with distributing a survey or questionnaire for each woman during the prenatal visit. The purposes of questionnaire are: (1) To explore oral health practices and utilization of dental care; and (2) To examine women’s use of dental service and frequency of dental visits during pregnancy. The questionnaire includes demographic data (i.e., age, marital status, educational level, annual house hold income, and dental insurance). It also includes questions regarding oral health hygiene practices (i.e., frequency of brushing and flossing). In addition, the frequency of dental visits before and during pregnancy, reason for dental visit, questions regarding any instructions received from health care providers about oral health care, safety of oral treatment during pregnancy, knowledge of common oral health problem during pregnancy, and associations between poor matern al oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes would also be covered. Questions about barriers to dental care or reasons they do not visit the dentist would be explored. After collecting the survey from the women, the midwife or health care provider should discuss and provide teaching about oral health practices, the importance and safety of dental visits, and provide knowledge of oral health and pregnancy outcomes associated with poor oral health. This information should be provided at every prenatal visit. The Health Belief Model would be explained in an educational session for midwife and health care provider (MD and dentist) using visual aids, including posters and handouts of the HBM construct. This educational session includes information about the theory in general, constructs and its relationships, also how this model was used in research and practice previously, and then how this model might be used and applied in maximizing and promoting oral health during pregnancy. A better understanding of the HBM from the midwife will  enable them to use it in predicting and screening a patient’s oral health and related behaviors. In-person counseling could address each woman’s baseline belief regarding susceptibility to oral infection (i.e., gingivitis, peridonitis and dental caries), as well as benefits and barriers to the dental clinic visit and screening. By the end of the educational session, certain outcome objectives should be assessed. These outcome objectives would be: (1) By the end of the session, 100% of the midwives and health care providers will be able to describe the HBM and its constructs in their own words; and (2) By the end of the session, 100% of the health care providers and midwives will be able to assist individual clients to develop and maintain oral hygiene behaviors. These objectives could be measured by assessing learner expectations regarding the sessions, asking questions, and having each one state their answers, as well as provide effective feedback to each answer from the participants. Several factors influencing the practice issues were understood by using the HBM in this practicum situation. The concept of â€Å"perceived susceptibility† includes all pregnant women because of the hormonal fluctuations that occur during pregnancy, in addition to personal characteristics related to income, poor habits, inadequate dental hygiene and related behaviors. The concept of â€Å"perceived severity† is important in that if woman are made aware of poor pregnancy outcomes related to poor oral health, they may be more inclined to engage in healthy behaviors. The concept of â€Å"perceived benefits† are instrumental and correlate with healthy behaviors and healthy outcomes, which is the desire of most pregnant women. The concept of â€Å"perceived barriers† is important to address. While the cost of dental care may be discouraging and many may fear the pain involved in dental health (i.e., injections, fillings), the cost and disappointment of poor pregnancy outcomes may far exceed these perceived barriers. â€Å"Cues to action† are employed through education and counseling the patient regarding the many benefits and risks regarding adequate and a lack of oral hygiene, as it affects their pregnancy outcome. The concept of â€Å"self-efficacy† is important, as women become empowered to make positive life-style behavioral changes which positively impact their pregnancies. References Barak, S., Oettinger, B., Machetie, E., Peled, M., & Ohel, G. (2003). Common oral manifestations during pregnancy: A review. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 58(9), 624-628. Baranowski, Cullen, K., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., & Baranowski, J.( 2003). Are current Health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts? Obesity research; 11. Janz & Becker. 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